[Redacted s9(2)(a)]
Analysis of submissions
[Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Education and training
1. Submitters
Universities NZ – Te Pōkai Tara: [Redacted s9(2)(a)]
Christchurch City Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Canterbury Regional Council (Environment Canterbury): [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Careerforce: [Redacted s9(2)(a)]
Auckland Council’s Research and Evaluation Unit: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Ashburton District Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Waimakariri District Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Tauranga City Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Dunedin City Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Grey Power: [Redacted s9(2)(a)]
CERA: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Rangitikei District Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Ministry of Social Development: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Ministry of Health: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
SUPERU: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Matamata- Piako District Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Te Puni Kokiri: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
NZDep: [Redacted s9(2)(a)]
Pop Stats (Stats NZ): [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
2. General
Canterbury Regional Council (Environment Canterbury) supports maintaining
existing content and the recommended new content. Stated that education and
training for a skil ed workforce is one of seven programmes in the Canterbury
Mayoral Forum’s regional economic development strategy (20 year vision).
Ashburton District Council stated that it uses education and training data to
understand the economic profile of the district. The Council supports improvements
to post-school qualification and study participation and would find the type of study
by location of study helpful i.e. online, onsite or distance.
Waimakariri District Council supports col ection of this data as wel as the possible
inclusion of travel to education.
Tauranga City Council supports the retention of al variables. This data is important
to the Council particularly given the public investment in the tertiary campus and
Council’s efforts to make Tauranga a place where talent wants to live.
Dunedin City Council supports the inclusion of highest secondary school
qualification, post-school qualification and study participation as the information is
used to understand and monitor progress on educational achievement and study
rates in Dunedin.
Rangitikei District Council uses this information and stated that it would be useful
for the data on education to be more in-depth and reflect changing needs for
training and re-training
Ministry of Health supported al recommendations
Matamata-Piako District Council supported additional information being col ected
on education and study participation. Training – the Council is involved in various
youth development programmes and is considering further supporting youth
employment (e.g. through the mayor’s taskforce on jobs). Understanding education
and training levels is important for planning and delivering these programmes and
understanding skil gaps in our community. It would also assist in understanding why
our district has lower than average income levels.
Southland District Council supportive of the existing content to remain the same,
and recommend new inclusions to be added to the education and training section of
the 2018 Census
3. Highest secondary school qualification
Christchurch City Council supports our recommendation for existing content to
remain the same
Ashburton District Council supports the retention of existing content on highest
secondary school qualification
NZDep mainly use highest qualification in analyses either 3 levels: no qual, school
qual, post school qual; or level 5. For qualifications that aren’t common, certain
people wil put down the wrong level if a tick box is used. Where qualifications are
obtained is not important. Could supplement the census question with admin data
re topics and more details.
4. Post-school qualification
Universities NZ supports asking whether qualification was gained overseas and
asking the type of provider. They use this data to estimate the costs and benefits of
obtaining a qualification at a NZ University and the ability to filter the data to
remove qualifications obtained overseas and qualifications obtained at organisations
other than universities would improve accuracy of estimates.
Universities NZ strongly supports having a tick box provided this not only indicates
the level of qualification but the names commonly used for this qualification.
Christchurch City Council supports changing from the write in free text field to a tick-
box if this method improves data quality. Currently only report this information at a
high level and therefore don’t require the subject/ field of study response that is
captured by the free text field
Canterbury Regional Council (Environment Canterbury) stated that data on post-
school qualification is used for cross-tab analysis and disaggregation to a TA level
which informs the ongoing development, monitoring and review of work
programmes such as education and training for a skil ed workforce. Also stated that
they support further investigation of options for asking this question.
Careerforce supports the inclusion, in particular whether the qualification was
gained overseas. A significant proportion of the workforce they support comes from
overseas and noted that it would be useful to understand the post-school
qualification profile of that group.
Auckland Council’s Research and Evaluation Unit stated that they acknowledge the
time and cost it takes Stats NZ to process this data given the free text entry used to
capture the data and would support the inclusion of a tickbox to streamline process,
without compromising the use of the data for our purposes.
Grey Power supports the inclusion and considers this data essential in determining
the social and economic drivers for education in the 50+ age group. They anticipate
this data wil also be useful in evaluating the existence and speed of transition from
the conventional three stage life cycle (learning, working and retirement) to an
integrated lifestyle where learning and working extend into old age and mid-life
sabbaticals become common
CERA supports the plan to consider alternative ways of col ecting post-school
qualification data, particularly the tick-box suggestion, and whether the qualification
was gained overseas. The latter is important in the rebuild context, given the large
number of international y trained workers.
MSD use this information to understand subnational and smal population
educational attainment dynamics. Also supports improvements to the question and
moving to a tick-box may provide some advantages however one caution would be
around managing continuity of results across time, given the on-going changes to
qualification frameworks.
SUPERU uses this information as one of the indicators to monitor family wel -being.
Doesn't think changing from a free text-box to a tick box would have an impact.
Would be concerned about using administrative data as this may not be able to
cover families than gained their qualifications overseas.
NZDep mainly uses highest qualification in analyses either 3 level: no qualification,
school qualification, post school qualification; or level 5. For not so common
qualifications, certain people wil put down the wrong level if a tick box is used.
Where qualifications are obtained is not important. Could supplement the census
question with admin data re topics and more details.
Loomio
- 7 comments, only 2 members of the public involved who were both
individuals
- One commenter stated that this variable is important for future skil s
projection which can be used to indicate if people need to up-skil and
whether we require increased migration. They also agreed that having a tick
box for level of qualification would be useful as people often don’t know what
level their qualification is.
- There was also one comment that suggested col ecting information on
continuing education to get more information about people upskil ing and
retraining.
5. Study participation
Christchurch City Council thinks this data would be very useful especial y if travel to
education is col ected. Would like data relating to ful time and part-time study to
continue to be col ected, because the approximate length of time that people are at
their place of study is useful (particularly when cross-tabulated with travel to
education, to help understand transport patterns and demand) and this is easy to
define in the census form. Not as interested in formal vs. informal study or industry
training and these types of study may be difficult to define which would affect data
quality.
Canterbury Regional Council (Environment Canterbury) stated that information
about ful -time and part-time study, and industry training, would be useful. Also
stated that col ecting information on educational institutions may assist with
identification of the level of study.
Careerforce supports the inclusion of this and strongly recommends that industry
training is included, as this wil help inform their understanding of training levels
across occupations and sectors within Careerforce's coverage.
Auckland Council’s Research and Evaluation Unit considers this important as it
informs analysis of work and labour force status and rates of young people who are
not in employment, education or training. Auckland Council are currently involved in
partnerships with tertiary institutions, funding agencies and businesses to enable
people into work through programmes such as the Mayor's Taskforce for Jobs, and
Youth Connections. Understanding the study participation rates among Auckland’s
various population groups such as young people and newly arrived migrants is
fundamental to delivering useful and targeted programmes. Information on ful time
vs. part time study is useful as wel as the inclusion of industry training. Whether
study participation is formal or informal is not so important.
Grey Power supports the inclusion and considers this data essential in determining
the social and economic drivers for education in the 50+ age group. Anticipate this
data wil also be useful in evaluating the existence and speed of transition from the
conventional three stage life cycle (learning, working and retirement) to an
integrated lifestyle where learning and working extend into old age and mid-life
sabbaticals become common.
CERA recommends that industry training be included in study participation data
col ection, as this is of particular interest given the nature of training for rebuild
trade workers (many of whom study via Industry Training Organisations). Formal
versus informal training would also be of interest. CERA supports the inclusion of
travel to education, which is connected to study participation.
Ministry of Health agrees with the MoE that the level of study or qualification or
subject being studied would be much more useful. Information about the Māori
health workforce and contributors to this, which are Māori health/science students,
is used regularly by the Ministry’s Maori Health team.
Matamata-Piako District Council supports additional information being col ected on
study participation
TPK supports recommendation to include study participation in order to understand
the circumstances and environment they live in while studying.
NZDep stated that it is useful to know whether it is ful -time or part time study, also
shows if education mainly completed or continuing. Don't need to differentiate
between formal and informal or what type of training it is.
Pop Stats supports retention as this information is important both for student
population estimates, and for the analysis of relationship between studying and the
labour market. Very important for pop stats because the migration behaviour of
students is highly distinctive. Can get much higher quality estimates/projections,
especial y for young adults, if they are able to separate students out from the rest of
the population.
Population structure
1. Submitters
Christchurch City Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Southland District Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Pop Stats (Stats NZ): [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Canterbury Regional Council (Environment Canterbury): [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Auckland Council’s Research and Evaluation Unit: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
NZDep: [Redacted s9(2)(a)]
Ashburton District Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Tauranga City Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Dunedin City Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Southern DHB: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
CERA: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
[Redacted s9(2)(a)]
Waitomo District Council: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Community and Public Health (Division of the Canterbury District Healthboard):
[Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
MSD: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
Age Concern: [Redacted s9(2)(a)]
MoH: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
SAANZ (AUT): [Redacted s9(2)(a)]
Child & Youth Policy & Research Support Services: [Redacted s9(2)(a)]
TPK: [Redacted - s9(2)(g)(i )]
University of Waikato: [Redacted s9(2)(a)]
PANZ: [Redacted s9(2)(a)]
Evolve: [Redacted s9(2)(a)]
2. General
Christchurch City Council supports Stats NZ recommendation to improve existing
content
Tauranga City Council supports the retention of age, number of occupants and
absentees
Auckland Council’s Research and Evaluation Unit don’t have a strong objection to
the removal of partnership status in current relationship, legal y registered
relationship status and number of children born alive as they currently don’t use the
data for policy or planning purposes
Canterbury Regional Council (Environment Canterbury) supports the retention of
existing content, which they use to analyse and understand the population in the
region and its TA’s – including existing content on sex (male/female).
Ashburton District Council supports the retention of existing content as the council
uses this population data for long-term planning. This data provides an
understanding of the needs and requirements on Ashburton District. The Council has
no view on the recommended additional information about sex, partnership status
in current relationship, legal y registered relationship status and number of children
born alive.
Dunedin City Council supports the inclusion of age, name, number of occupants,
absentees and partnership status. They use this data to understand Dunedin's
current population and to produce projections for a number of population and
dwel ing groups. Data on population and dwel ings numbers at meshblock, census
area unit and Dunedin City are critical to planning the cities future land use,
infrastructure and service provision.
CERA supports the retention of the Age, Name, Number of Occupants and Absentee
questions. This data provided the first comprehensive picture of structural
population changes in greater Christchurch post-earthquakes, and was extensively
analysed and used in CERA reporting. CERA holds no view on the proposed inclusion
of an intersex sex option. CERA holds no view on the proposed changes to
partnership status.
MoH supports al of the recommendations
3. Sex Southland District Council recommends Stats NZ recognise the importance of LGBTI.
Including this in the census wil produce information necessary for Council and local
organisations to provide services and seek to fil documented service gaps for this
group as suggested by The Rainbow People Report (2013) which advises LGBTI
peoples are subject to a shortage of health related and services in general. They
recommend the inclusion of gender as a connected question to sex.
Pop Stats don’t state anything specific about the sex variable however in their
paragraph about not supporting gender identity they stated "Population Statistics
would ask that Census ensure that we are part of that conversation since any effect
on the sex data is likely to have significant consequences for the whole OSS.”
NZDep understands the comments about sex - possibly investigate it more in other
surveys. Sex is needed for their broad-sweep age/sex standardisation of the
proportions of people in a smal area having a certain deprivation characteristic. The
data are also used in the composition of the various age-restricted markers of
deprivation, and in the equivalisation of two markers.
Dunedin City Council supports al owing an option for intersex citizens to be
recognised as such
[Redacted s9(2)(a)] suggests to improve the question on sex, there should be two
questions: the first asking for the person's biological sex (M, F, Other, Prefer not to
say) and the 2nd asking for their identified gender (M, F, Other, Prefer not to say)
both providing a space to write what other means to the person. It is important to
recognise transgender people, transsexual people, intersex people & other
variations from binary male or female options. These differences are important for
research of mental health and discrimination
Child& Youth Policy & Research Support Services thinks it is important to have an
additional category in the 'sex' question for New Zealanders who do not identify as
male or female as intersex is too restrictive as this is a biological term. Most
appropriate alternative option would be to align with NZTA and DIA and al ow for
the option of "indeterminate/ unspecified ('X')". This wil cater to biological y
intersex individuals as wel as other non-binary individuals. Agree that further
testing is necessary, however it seems that the 2013 census led to a 'protest' action
using the 'two ticks for sex' which also arguably affected accuracy. While there is a
theoretical distinction between sex and gender, the reality is that these are
conflated for most New Zealanders.
PANZ strongly against any changes to the sex question. "Sex with age is one of the
most crucial variables col ected in any population census. Any change to the
response categories may severely undermine data quality and usability for
population estimates and projections which underpin policy and planning."
Evolve supports greater clarification around the 'sex' question. If sex is included,
then Stats NZ needs to acknowledge the non-binary nature of sex (for instance, the
existence of intersex people) and al ow for statistics to be counting data that reflect
peoples real lives and bodies. While intersex conditions may be rare, and many do
not know of their intersex status - there needs to be a way of compiling data on this
population, particularly due to the discrimination around health procedures
Further contact with users when asked about the sex variable:
Canterbury District Health Board: “Our recommendation for inclusion of the third sex option
reflects the value we see in providing a lead on openness and inclusiveness. While we
recognise that there are a range of public policy implications understanding the size of the
intersex population, for example in health education planning, training of health
professionals, and public toilet signage, these are not issues which would have a large
impact on our own service provision.”
MsD: “Firstly, while they are different concepts the sex question is closely tied with the
gender question and the recently introduced gender standard. In this context the two
concepts need to be addressed together, when making decisions around census content and
question design. As noted in the preliminary views, and specifical y related to sex,
introduction of a more complex question could impact on how the census is answered and
the overal quality of census results. It is difficult to gauge the impact without testing. My
view would be to err on the side of caution, even though as a Ministry we likely have an
interest in this subject area. As such I would support retaining the current question“
Dunedin City Council: “As with other demographic information col ected in the Census,
information on a third category, e.g. indeterminate/ unspecified sex, would enable the
Council to better understand the needs of the community and may be of use to other
organisations in the city working with vulnerable groups.
MoJ: “discussed this with the Sector Information & Analysis team I am in. None of us have
anything firm to add from a justice perspective with respect to decisions on this for the
Census”
Ministry of Corrections: “We have decided we don’t feel strongly one way or another. We
col ect our own information on sex, and the numbers of “other” offenders are too smal to
compare national y”
[Redacted s9(2)(a)]: “In terms of analysis from census data the number/proportion of
children or young people identifying in census as ‘other’ would be noted. This would be very
relevant statistical information in any report or policy related to child and youth sexuality/
sexual development. We also report to DHBs on demography in their area: if numbers
warranted (we suppress numbers <3), it would be helpful for each DHB to know the
number/proportion of ‘other’ children and young people in their catchment area, as this wil
have implications for staff development and service delivery. I do understand the distinction
between sex and gender – however for respondents I think this is less clear. It is better to
have options that get as accurate a response as possible from the majority. Presumably even
with only male/female there would be respondents who enter a gender-based response e.g.
transitioning trans children and young people.”
MoH “The Ministry is beginning to look at some policy development for transgender and
intersex groups so greater data on numbers would be of some assistance to us. The Ministry
of Health fund gender reassignment surgery at a rate of 2 per annum (the operations are
currently done overseas). There is a waiting list of 72 and the Health Select Committee has
expressed concern about this. I'm not sure whether a question that captured intersex would
also accurately capture transgender numbers. The ideal outcome for us would be to have
data on both sex and gender identity. Having data on both the sex and wider gender
diversity within NZ would enable Health to have a clearer picture of the population diversity
and be in a better position to understand potential need for services in relation to the
known sexual health, mental health, abuse, suicide and gender reassignment impacts faced
in gender diverse communities and also for the services that DHBs fund and provide -
paediatric care, mental health services, hormone treatment, more 'general' surgery, such as
breast/chest surgery, etc., etc. Some countries - (I believe India?) are starting to do this.
http://gender.wikia.com/wiki/Non-binary Asking both a sex and gender identity question
would al ow for someone assigned a sex at birth (say female) but identifying as a male to
indicate this via two questions. Including a non-binary gender identity option al ows
someone who identifies as both male or female, is gender fluid, is gender queer etc. to not
have a binary specific gender. Transsexual and transgender people can be found at al parts
of the gender identity continuum and are likely to answer these questions in a variety of
ways. By structuring the questions this way the data would be the most useful for better
understanding the gender diversity of the NZ population.
Loomio – Add a third response category
- 40 comments and 10 votes from 10 members of the public – 1 person from
Age Concern, 1 person from Rainbow Youth and the rest individuals
1) Does the proposed change add value to the NZ society and economy?
- Crucial for analysis of employment, health and education ([Redacted s9(2)(a)]
- individual)
- Al owing real data to emerge on an area in which we as a society need to
vastly improve and acknowledging that intersex people are real rather than
further institutional y discriminating against them ([Redacted s9(2)(a)] –
individual)
- Important step towards a more equal society as people stated that currently
this is an abuse of human rights ([Redacted s9(2)(a)]).
- Need to know where our gaps in service currently are and need accurate
figures to be able to know this ([Redacted s9(2)(a)]).
2) Is census the most appropriate source?
- Need an accurate population count of this group as currently there are no
concrete figures
3) Does the proposed change reflect an enduring information need?
- No discussion
4) Wil the proposed change produce quality information?
- People stated that it is currently not clear that we are col ecting sex and not
gender so adding a third response option would make that clearer
5) Is the data consistent with other data col ections?
- People mentioned the fact that NZ passports and drivers licences now have a
third response option which is “X/ indeterminate” so the census should al ow
people to put what they put on their other legal documents. It was then
pointed out though that NZTA col ects gender and passports ask sex/gender
identity.
6) Is there continuity with other censuses?
- No – a third response category has never been an option
7) Is there general acceptance of the proposed change?
- Yes everyone in the discussion agreed that there should be a third category
with most people agreeing that intersex or indeterminate are the best options
8) Would the proposed change be easy to answer?
- Would depend how the question is worded – if it was sex assigned at birth,
transgender people would have difficulty answering this
- It was noted that currently the question probably col ects gender identity
rather than sex so adding a third category for “sex” might make it confusing
for people
4. Age NZDep need age for their broad-sweep age/sex standardisation of the proportions
of people in a smal area having a certain deprivation characteristic. The data are
also used in the composition of the various age-restricted markers of deprivation,
and in the equivalisation of two markers. Knowing age of absentees necessary for
Household calculations
Waitomo District Council recommend that the 65+ age bracket be broken down as
the number of people in this age group is anticipated to increase throughout NZ and
wil have a significant impact on local authority planning. They stated that the needs
of someone who is 65 years old compared to someone who is 85 are very different
for the purposes of planning for their community.
Age Concern support the inclusion as age is a key variable for al their activities,
services and advocacy. Recommend that the 65+ age bracket be broken down as this
age group has huge diversity and 65 should no longer be assumed to be “retirement
age”. Want to see at least three age groups beyond 65. Also stated that the
significance of age 65 relates to current policy settings especial y the age of eligibility
for NZ Superannuation and if this changes the age groupings wil need to be
adjusted.
Loomio
- 7 comments from 3 people – one person from NZNO and one from Age
Concern
- The age group 65+ is not an adequate breakdown and due to our ageing
population the older age groups need to be differentiated. Census data is
needed for these older groups as sample surveys do not al ow such
breakdowns (Age Concern NZ and Senior associate of the Institute for
Governance and Policy Studies at Victoria University of Wel ington and
[Redacted s9(2)(a)] - Geriatric Department of Medicine at Auckland
University).
- NZNO would have a real interest in questions as found on the US National
Longitudinal Survey that would al ow us to see responsibility (financial or care
related) for children and/or elderly parents: including co-residence)
- Disaggregation of data for the people aged between 15 and 20 would be
helpful and this information would help with assessing success or otherwise
of work and training incentives and programmes over time, and with planning
for future assistance for this age group
5. Name
NZDep noted that name is important for matching census info including absentees
and tying back to usual residence
6. Number of occupants on census night
No specific comments about this variable
7. Absentees
NZDep noted that knowing age (and possibly sex) of absentees are necessary for
household calculations
Tauranga City Council uses this information to help derive household composition,
family type and other family and household variables which is very useful for local
authorities
8. Partnership status in current relationship
Pop Stats recommend no change
NZDep often use legal status, could use social status in relationship – asked if it
possible to more categories so that they can calculate either
9. Legal y registered relationship status
NZDep often use legal status
Southern DHB stated that relationship status is associated with many health and
social outcomes and use this information for planning, delivery and monitoring
public health services.
MSD have recently used information on nuptiality rates for research and model ing
purposes and consider this information to have continued use. The impact of not
having this information needs careful consideration given the possible unforeseen
impacts of this information becoming unavailable. MSD consider caution is needed
in removing legal y registered relationship status and support retaining this
information for use in associated col ections such as producing marital rates, ex-
nuptial births and other associated statistics.
MoH stated that they are not experts on which categories are required for data
production on relationship status and prefer that information on marital status
continues to be col ected.
PANZ view is that recommendations related to social and legal marital status, step
families and sexual orientation are hugely interrelated, and need to be considered
together. Distinguishing same-sex and opposite-sex relationships coupled with de
facto relationship and marriages have an important role in understanding couple
relationships, family and household composition, and step families.
Loomio
- 3 comments only 2 members of the public involved who were both individuals
- One commenter recommended continuing with current categories (married/
civil union partners/ single/ . . ) but also adding categories recognised by
Government agencies. E.g. a two year or more de facto relationship is
recognised by Government for property ownership purposes
- The other commenter noted how complicated this area is and it is not clear
what ‘relationship’ means and therefore recommended that we be careful in
this area (Age Concern NZ and Senior associate of the Institute for
Governance and Policy Studies at Victoria University of Wel ington)
10. Number of children born alive
Pop Stats strong support for retention due to NZ’s changing ethnic composition,
large flows in and out of NZ and our ageing population which makes fertility a
continual y important component of population change. Noted that fertility
behaviour changes rapidly in environments with large scale international migration.
Crucial for information on childlessness and child bearing which have important
consequences for labour market participation, health resourcing, social wel -being
and aged care planning. Would also recommend extending this to ask males as wel
as paternity is of growing interest.
NZDep noted that they should’ve used number of children born alive more as they
have only used it in a smal amount of census related research however social status
is now more important
Southern DHB said to retain the status quo and subsequently review in the future to
determine whether current trends are retained
MoH would like to see this col ected. Noted that Stats NZ has data to explore
whether inclusion every 10 years is sufficient and if Stats NZ concludes that it is
sufficient then they support the question being excluded in 2018 and included in the
fol owing census.
SAANZ (AUT) stated that [Redacted s9(2)(a)] provided a convincing case for the
retention of this item (LOOK INTO?)
[Redacted s9(2)(a)] (University of Waikato) supports the inclusion as this information
helps to be able to conduct detailed analysis of fertility behaviour, particularly by
ethnicity and this wil assist in future projections of ethnicity counts.
PANZ strongly recommends this question be included in order to track changes in
family formation. Important for flows in and out of Aotearoa and migration-driven
ethnic diversification. Noted that we can’t assume stability in previous patterns of
ethnic differentials wil persist in the future, particularly if the selectivity of migrants
shifts. This is the only question which can provide a robust basis for examining parity
and childlessness. There is no way to robustly model childlessness in other data
sources, including linked administrative data.
Loomio
- Only 1 comment from a member of the public and the other 3 were from
Stats staff
- The commenter stated that the question currently doesn’t capture the ful
picture of modern fertility issues as surrogacy and paternity are not reflected
