Commission Offices
Tāmaki Makaurau – Auckland
10th Floor, Tower Centre, Cnr Queen and Customs Streets
PO Box 6751, Wellesley Street,
Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland
Waea Telephone (09) 309 0874
Waea Whakāhua Fax (09) 377 3593
Te Whanganui ā Tara – Wellington
8th Floor, Vogel Building, 8 Aitken Street
PO Box 12411, Thorndon,
Te Whanganui ā Tara Wellington
Waea Telephone (04) 473 9981
Waea Whakāhua Fax (04) 471 6759
Otautahi – Christchurch
Ground Floor, KPMG
at Cranmer, 30-34 Cranmer Square
PO Box 1578,
Otautahi Christchurch
Waea Telephone (03) 379 2015
Waea Whakāhua Fax (03) 353 0959
Human Rights Commission InfoLine
0800 4 YOUR RIGHTS
0800 496 877 (toll free)
TTY (teletypewriter) 0800 150 111
Fax (09) 377 3593 (Attn: InfoLine)
ISBN: 0-477-05499-4
Published March 2005
Aotearoa New Zealand
1
Contents
Foreword
3
1. The state of our human rights and race relations
5
2. The 2004 Race Relations Debate
8
3. The Treaty of Waitangi
12
4. National identity and cultural diversity
15
5. Inequalities in the enjoyment of human rights
24
6. Racial harassment, abuse and discrimination
38
Conclusion
44
Appendix 1: Overview of selected race relations research in 2004
48
Appendix 2: Positive contributions to race relations 2004
54
2
Foreword
This report is about race relations in the context of the human rights of all New Zealanders.
Human rights are not some foreign imposition on our legal system, or a concept that relates mainly
to abuses in other countries. They are about the fundamentals of a free and democratic society.
They are not just about marginalised or disadvantaged minorities, but about the rights and
responsibilities of all citizens and about mutually respectful relationships between them.
The Human Rights Commission’s report
Human Rights in New Zealand Today / Ngā Tika Tangata
O Te Motu was released in September 2004. It was the first ever attempt at a comprehensive
survey of the current state of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights in New Zealand,
including issues relating to migrants, refugees, religion and race relations. It followed over a year
of research and public consultation, in which more than 5,000 people took part. The report found
that overall, New Zealand had a very good record in human rights, but that there were some
pressing issues, including particularly the rights of children and disabled people and ethnic
inequalities, that needed to be addressed.
The report will be followed in 2005 by the release of the New Zealand Action Plan for Human
Rights,
Mana ki te Tangata, which proposes long term outcomes and priority actions to address
both the pressing and longer term issues identified. It includes strategic outcomes and actions for
race relations.
One of the findings of
Human Rights in New Zealand Today was that there needed to be much
better research and data collection on our human rights to inform policy development and debate,
to monitor progress in the realisation of human rights, and to meet our international reporting
obligations under international human rights treaties.
Race Relations in 2004 is a first step towards
bringing together such information, and will hopefully stimulate discussion on what information we
should be collecting to enable us to measure and monitor our progress in achieving harmonious
relations and racial equality. It also provides a record of significant development in race relations in
New Zealand in the past year.
Race relations were very much under the spotlight in 2004. When delegates to the first
International Round Table of Race Relations Commissioners met in Auckland at the beginning of
February 2004, they were international witnesses to the beginnings of the major public debate
about the Treaty of Waitangi initiated by a speech given by the Leader of the Opposition, Dr Don
Brash, at the Orewa Rotary Club. They also experienced Auckland’s Chinese New Year
celebrations, attended by an estimated 130,000 people, incidents involving political leaders at
Waitangi, and the community Waitangi Day festivals in Waitakere and Manukau Cities. It was
evident that as New Zealanders we both took our race relations seriously and celebrated our
diversity.
Race Relations in 2004 provides a record of these and other developments. It also includes a
summary of race related complaints made to the Human Rights Commission, and brings together
some statistics from a variety of public sources on our demographics, civil and political and
economic, social and cultural rights. It provides an overview of race relations research conducted
in 2004, and records positive contributions made by individuals and organisations. It is intended to
be a resource for policy makers, students and others interested in race relations in New Zealand.
In future years, it is hoped to develop the report to include measures of our progress in achieving
harmonious race relations, the realisation of human rights and racial equality. This will require
3
considerable research and discussion about what measures might be appropriate and available,
but the present report will hopefully serve to promote discussion on such an undertaking.
The Human Rights Commission assumed responsibility for race relations in 2002 as a result of the
merger of the former Human Rights Commission and the Race Relations Office. Under the
amended Human Rights Act 1993, the primary functions of the Human Rights Commission are:
a) to advocate and promote respect for, and an understanding and appreciation of, human
rights in New Zealand society; and
b) to encourage the maintenance and development of harmonious relations between
individuals and among the diverse groups in New Zealand society.
The Commission also has a statutory responsibility to provide a disputes resolution service for
people experiencing discrimination on a wide range of grounds contained in the Human Rights Act
1993, including race, colour, and national or ethnic origin.
Providing information to inform public debate and policy development on race relations and racial
equality is an important part of meeting these responsibilities.
Race Relations in 2004 is published
to coincide with Race Relations Day, the International Day for the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination, on March 21, a day of both reflection and celebration, which is marked throughout
New Zealand in schools, the media, workplaces, and local communities.
Joris de Bres
Race Relations Commissioner
Kaihautu Whakawhanaunga ā Iwi
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1. The State of Our Human Rights and Race Relations 1.1 Human Rights in New Zealand Today / Ngā Tika Tangata O Te Motu
The Human Rights Commission released a comprehensive report on
Human Rights in New
Zealand Today / Ngā Tika Tangata O Te Motu in September 2004. What emerges most clearly
from this report is that human rights matter, and affect the lives of each and every New Zealander.
The report concludes that:
New Zealand meets international human rights standards in many respects, and often
surpasses them. Although New Zealand is not flawless, the report shows that we have most
of the elements essential for the effective protection, promotion and fulfilment of human
rights: democracy, the rule of law and an independent judiciary free of corruption; effective
structures of governance; specific processes for human rights and other forms of
accountability; recognition of the vulnerability of particular groups and individuals; and
active, involved, diversely organised citizens.
Further, as individual New Zealanders we are generally free to say what we think, read what
we like, worship where and how we choose, move freely around the country, and feel
confident in the laws that protect us from discrimination and the arbitrary abuse of power.
Most New Zealanders today also experience the benefits of the economic, social and
cultural rights - education, decent work, good health, and affordable, healthy housing - that
underpin a fair and just society and are crucial to the dignity, equality and security of each
individual. The interrelationship of these rights (for instance, the linkage between healthy
housing and children's education and heath) is compellingly illustrated in the report.
The report also identifies where we need to do better. While each chapter identifies specific issues,
certain themes emerge across the report as a whole:
• A failure to wholeheartedly accept difference and diversity
• The vulnerability to human rights abuses of those most dependent on others - children, disabled
people, and those in detention and institutional care
• The extent to which poverty undermines realisation of the most basic human rights
• The persistence of structural disadvantage and discrimination, even when poverty is not a
factor. This is most significant for: disabled people; non-Pakeha New Zealanders in some
situations; women, in some areas; and gays, lesbians, transgender and intersex people
• Violence, bullying and harassment represent the most flagrant human rights abuses and are
present in too many New Zealand homes, schools, workplaces, playgrounds and playing fields
• A need for explicit recognition of human rights standards at all levels of New Zealand society,
and for appropriate data, agreed indicators and measures to assess the extent to which those
standards are respected
• The possible fragility of New Zealand's human rights protections in the absence of more
comprehensive constitutional and legal provisions
• The challenge of agreeing on the place of the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand's present and
future.
The most pressing issues to emerge from the report were those relating to the poverty and abuse
experienced by a significant number of New Zealand children and young people; the pervasive
barriers that prevent disabled people from fully participating in society; the vulnerability to abuse of
those in detention and institutional care; the entrenched economic and social inequalities that
5
continue to divide Māori and Pacific people from other New Zealanders; and the challenge of the
place of the Treaty of Waitangi now and in the future.
1.2 Where New Zealand does well in race relations
In terms of race relations the report finds that New Zealand does well in the following areas:
• New Zealanders place a high value on harmonious race relations and, while there are points of
friction and disagreement, there is a strong tradition of resolving such issues in a peaceful
manner.
• New Zealand has a sound legal and political framework for harmonious race relations, with
guarantees of fundamental freedoms including freedom from discrimination and the rights to
practice one's language, culture and belief, and a range of channels to address complaints
about discrimination.
• There are procedures for addressing grievances in relation to the Treaty of Waitangi, and a
range of laws which require government departments to have regard to the Treaty, including
consultation with Māori and the protection of Māori cultural interests.
• Programmes have been developed to address inequalities between Māori and Pacific people
and other New Zealanders in health, education, employment and other social and economic
areas, and there is increasing Māori participation in tourism, fisheries and other commercial
enterprises.
• Te Reo Māori is recognised alongside English as an official language of New Zealand, and a
substantial investment has been made in the protection and regeneration of Māori language
and culture through the Māori Language Commission, Te Puni Kokiri, Māori educational
institutions such as kohanga reo, kura kaupapa and wananga, and through support for Māori
language broadcasting and for Māori artists and cultural practitioners.
• There has been an immigration policy shift over recent decades to permit greater entry of
migrants from the Pacific, Asia and other non-traditional source countries. New Zealand is now
ethnically a highly diverse country, with particularly significant communities of people of Pacific
and Asian descent.
• Cultural diversity is widely celebrated through local community festivals and events, and there is
a high level of diversity in the creative arts and in sport.
1.3 Where we need to do better
In terms of areas for improvement, the report concludes that:
• Racism, racial discrimination, racial harassment and abuse continue to occur. Public
perceptions are that it is most commonly experienced by Asian New Zealanders, but other
groups are also subject to it.
• The law provides procedures to address racial discrimination, but their effectiveness may be
compromised by a lack of public knowledge about the most appropriate avenue for particular
complaints, inadequate accessibility by vulnerable groups and a lack of confidence by such
groups in their effectiveness.
• Despite considerable investment and some indications of improvement, significant racial
inequalities continue to exist in health, housing, employment, education, social services and
justice (including a highly disproportionate rate of imprisonment of Māori). There has been
considerable public debate about some programmes targeted to particular groups, although
such programmes are called for by the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination.
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• While a number of new migrant settlement strategies and plans have been developed jointly by
central and local government agencies and community groups, these do not exist in all areas of
significant migrant settlement, and their implementation is variable.
• Institutions and services are not equally accessible to all. Central and local government,
community and private sector organisations and their services need to be more accessible and
responsive to people of all ethnic groups, be sensitive to different cultures, treat people equally,
and, in their governance and staffing, be representative of the diversity of the New Zealand
population.
• There is no consistent framework for research, data collection and measurement to identify
race relations issues and to enable the measurement of progress in achieving racial equality
and harmonious relationships. While extensive information is available from the census,
administrative data in relation to ethnicity are inconsistent and in some cases not collected.
The New Zealand Action Plan for Human Rights /
Mana ki te Tangata, will contain a section on
race relations seeking to address these issues.
7
2. The 2004 Race Relations Debate
2.1 Introduction
The last major event of 2004 was the devastating tsunami that struck countries in South Asia on
Boxing Day. At the national interfaith tsunami memorial service on January 16, 2005 in Auckland’s
Holy Trinity Cathedral, Bishop Richard Randerson said, in the presence of the Governor-General,
the Prime Minister and representatives of all communities and faiths in Auckland:
“The images of the tsunami that have shocked us these last three weeks have shown us
that in Aceh and Phuket, in India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia, the needs and aspirations of
people, wherever they may be, are essentially the same: to cherish those closest to us, to
be part of a family or whanau which gives us love, to find a place to live with food to eat,
health and education for our children, to have work which gives meaning to our lives and
offers service to others, to be free from conflict and war.”
The immediate and overwhelming response of New Zealanders to the tsunami appeal crossed the
barriers of race, religion, ethnic and national origin, and gave tremendous heart to those
communities of New Zealanders who have settled here from the affected countries.
Responding to a natural disaster of such cataclysmic proportions undoubtedly brings out the best
in people and has a powerful unifying effect. Such unity is more elusive when we are confronted
with the day to day issues of relationships and inequalities between people of different cultures,
ethnicities or faiths. Few would be bold enough to repeat the claim of earlier years that New
Zealand is a race relations paradise, but greater honesty and preparedness to discuss and address
these issues in an increasingly diverse society is in itself a strength.
2.2 The public debate
According to UMR Insight’s
Mood of the Nation 2004 report, race relations topped the list of issues
that most concerned New Zealanders in 2004. This was both reflected and reinforced in the media,
after the Leader of the Opposition, Dr Don Brash, delivered a keynote address on race relations at
the Orewa Rotary Club in late January. Dr Brash’s speech was entitled “Nationhood” and
canvassed a range of issues which he described as follows:
• A drift towards racial separatism and the development of an entrenched Treaty grievance
industry.
• The choice between a modern democratic society embodying the essential notion of one
rule for all in a single nation state, or a racially divided nation with two sets of laws, and two
standards of citizenship.
• A divisive trend to embody racial distinctions into large parts of our legislation, extending
recently to local body politics, and government funding influenced not just by need but by
the ethnicity of the recipient.
• The inclusion of references to the “principles of the Treaty” in legislation without defining
them.
• The proposed foreshore and seabed legislation, and a preferred option of legislation to
establish Crown ownership and opposing customary title or Māori involvement in
management.
• The anachronism of Māori seats in Parliament.
• The need to accelerate the process of Treaty settlements.
8
• Funding of kohanga reo, kura kaupapa Māori, wananga and Māori health providers not to
confer special rights but to provide a right to choice in education and health.
The ensuing public debate was fuelled by incidents involving both the Prime Minister and the
Leader of the Opposition at Te Tii marae at Waitangi, although both at Waitangi and around the
country many thousands of Māori and other New Zealanders commemorated Waitangi Day
together at marae and community events. The proposed legislation on ownership and customary
rights relating to the foreshore and seabed added further passion to the debate.
The
Mood of the Nation report gives an indication of the duration of the debate as a top public
issue through its tracking of the news stories that were most closely followed by New Zealanders
during 2004. The “ongoing debate on race issues prompted by the Leader of the Opposition’s
Orewa speech” was closely followed by 70 percent of respondents in February, the “ongoing
debate on race issues” by 61 percent in March, and “the ongoing debate about race issues” by 53
percent in April. The three listings were among the thirteen most closely followed media stories for
the whole of 2004.
While the public debate at times descended into stereotypes and scant regard for the facts, there
were also many thoughtful contributions, well researched background newspaper articles and radio
and television programmes. There was a marked upsurge in new books about the Treaty. The
public participated in seminars and courses organised by a wide variety of organisations.
The State Services Commission launched a Treaty Information website and provided funding for
community organisations to provide Treaty information, including the Human Rights Commission’s
programme of symposia and community dialogues on human rights and the Treaty.
A new position of Minister, Coordinating Race Relations was established, with particular
responsibility for Treaty information and a review of “race-based” programmes. Later in the year
the Government announced the establishment of a special Parliamentary Select Committee to
conduct a stocktake of constitutional issues.
2.3 Race Relations Day
The increased public focus on race relations in the early months of the year led to a high level of
public participation in Race Relations Day, the International Day for the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination, on March 21. The theme for 2004 was
Take a Walk in Someone Else’s
Shoes: Hikoitia nga tapuwae o te hunga ke, which formed the basis of school programmes
throughout the country. The Federation of Ethnic Councils aligned its affiliates local cultural
festivals into a single day of multi-ethnic festivals to coincide with Race Relations Day. Many local
councils organised community events, library displays, workshops, competitions and cultural
exhibitions, and the event was promoted by a wide range of media. Because the day fell on a
Sunday, many churches also commemorated it as a day of reflection as well as celebration.
2.4 The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004
The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 was passed by Parliament in December, after eighteen
months of public debate and controversy. Government attempts to engage with iwi were met with
almost universal rejection of the proposals, and a Waitangi Tribunal report raised serious issues in
relation to human rights and the Treaty of Waitangi. When the legislation was presented to
Parliament, it prompted a Māori hikoi from the Far North to Wellington, culminating in the largest
demonstration of Māori in front of Parliament for decades. Cabinet Minister Hon Tariana Turia
9
resigned from the Government and Parliament, and was subsequently returned as a Member of
Parliament for the newly formed Māori Party in a by-election not contested by the major parties. A
special Parliamentary Select Committee heard public submissions and, following Government
negotiations with the New Zealand First Party, a revised Bill was introduced and passed into law.
The Government’s position was that the Act struck a balance between specifically recognising
Māori customary rights in relation to the foreshore and seabed and guaranteeing public access and
Crown ownership on behalf of all the people of New Zealand. The formation of the Māori Party
means that this issue will be argued through the forthcoming general election in the Māori
parliamentary seats in particular, alongside the other issues of Māori economic and social
development. Inherent in that debate will be the longstanding question of how an indigenous
minority can best engage with a Government that also has its eye on the concerns of the non-
indigenous majority, and how indigenous people’s rights can best be protected and advanced in
such a context.
2.5 Inquiry into the New Zealand Constitution
The Government announced in November that a Parliamentary Select Committee would be
established to inquire into the New Zealand constitution. Reasons given for the inquiry were:
New Zealand has unique constitutional arrangements. It is one of only three countries in the
world without a full entrenched written constitution. Although New Zealand inherited its
constitutional system from Britain, the two systems have evolved quite differently over the
last century. The sources of New Zealand’s constitution include the prerogative powers of
the Queen, various statutes, certain decisions of the courts, and the Treaty of Waitangi.
These legal aspects of the constitution are supplemented by unwritten conventions, which
dictate how the institutions and relationships actually work.
Due to their complexity, New Zealand’s constitutional arrangements are not widely
understood. From time to time, interest has been expressed in reforming New Zealand’s
constitution. It is difficult to assess the need for reform, however, in the absence of a good
general understanding of the New Zealand constitution as it is now, and without a clear idea
of the processes which might be required if reform were determined to be desirable at some
point in the future.
In 2003, in the course of consideration of the Supreme Court Bill, the Justice and Electoral
Committee suggested that it would be timely to inquire into New Zealand’s constitutional
arrangements.
Given that a constitution reflects a country’s national identity, this inquiry needs to be
approached with care. Any change is likely to require a lot of time, public involvement,
education and discussion. The focus of the Committee’s review reflects this need for a
measured approach.
The Committee’s Terms of Reference are to undertake a review of New Zealand’s existing
constitutional arrangements by identifying and describing New Zealand’s constitutional
development since 1840, the key elements in New Zealand’s constitutional structure, the
relationships between those elements, and the sources of New Zealand’s constitution.
The Committee will also review and report on the processes which other countries have followed in
undertaking a range of constitutional reforms and the processes which it would be appropriate for
New Zealand to follow if significant constitutional reforms were to be considered in the future.
10
2.6 Review of targeted programmes
The first results of the review of targeted policies and programmes were announced by the
Coordinating Minister, Race Relations in December. Seven programmes were reviewed, covering
the Ministry of Health, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, the Ministry of Education and the
Education Review Office. The importance of clear evidence and meaningful evaluation of such
programmes was emphasised, and the reviews confirmed that in most cases, targeting by ethnicity
was appropriate, with good evidence that the targeting was effectively addressing need. However,
the system of decile funding in schools and equity funding for community early childhood education
services was altered to remove the ethnicity weighting, with additional operating funding to ensure
no schools would lose funding. Further research was sought in relation to the review of public
service scholarships targeted to ethnic groups and the review of population based funding for
district health boards.
Programmes that were found to be effective and justified were:
• Creative New Zealand’s funding for Te Waka Toi (the Māori Arts Council) and the Pacific Arts
Committee.
• The Education Review Office’s partnership with iwi in the Far North and the East Coast, and the
collection of information on Māori and Pacific student achievement in mainstream schools.
• The Ministry of Education’s Te Hiringa I te Mahara programme for professional development of
Māori secondary school teachers and teachers of te reo Māori.
• The Ministry of Health’s Pacific Health and Disability Action Plan.
• The Ministry of Health’s overview reporting and the New Zealand Health Strategy.
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3. The Treaty of Waitangi
3.1 Dialogue on the Treaty and Human Rights
The Treaty of Waitangi was the subject of much discussion in 2004. The Human Rights
Commission, which has a statutory function to “promote …. a better understanding of the human
rights dimensions of the Treaty of Waitangi” organised 15 symposia and 65 facilitated community
dialogue workshops in 2004 involving a wide cross section of the New Zealand community. A
significant outcome of the discussions was a recognition and understanding of the importance of
relationships based on the nation’s “founding document.” There was widespread agreement that
the relationship between the Crown and Māori must be sound if the Treaty is to have real
significance. While the relationship of Māori and Pakeha have a special place in our Treaty history,
other groups such as Pacific, Asian and Middle Eastern New Zealanders have raised the question
of their place in the Treaty’s past, present and future. This expressed itself in the concept of the
Treaty as a source of a sense of belonging, or
turangawaewae, for all New Zealanders. Key issues
to emerge from the discussions were:
• The right of the Crown to govern;
• The right for Māori to live as Māori;
• The right to citizenship for all;
• The right to equal opportunities and outcomes;
• Indigenous rights and the Treaty; and
• Who are the parties to the Treaty today?
Many other groups also organised meetings, workshops and courses on the Treaty in 2004,
including the University of the Third Age, Workers’ Educational Association, church, education and
community groups. Television New Zealand screened a national debate on the issue from New
Plymouth, and Radio New Zealand also included features on the Treaty in its programming.
3.2 Books on the Treaty
The heightened interest in the Treaty and in New Zealand history produced a ready audience for
Michael King’s
Penguin History of New Zealand published in late 2003, and Anne Salmond’s
The
Trial of the Cannibal Dog on Captain Cook’s early encounters with Māori. Both books received
major literary awards. Other books on the Treaty and related issues published in 2004 included:
Michael Belgrave et al’s
Waitangi Revisited: Perspectives on the Treaty of Waitangi (2nd edition);
Aroha Harris’
Hikoi, A Hundred Years of Māori Protest;
Richard Hil ’s
Authority and Autonomy:
Rangatiratanga and the Crown in New Zealand/Aotearoa; Michael King’s
Being Pakeha Now (reissued); Janine Hayward and Nicola Wheen’s
The Waitangi Tribunal: Te Roopu Whakamana I
te Tiriti o Waitangi;
Paul Moon and Peter Biggs’
The Treaty and its Times; Giselle Byrnes’
The
Waitangi Tribunal and New Zealand History;
Claudia Orange’s
Illustrated History of the Treaty;
David Slack’s
Bullshit, Backlash and Bleeding Hearts, A Confused Person’s Guide to the Great
Race Row;
Marcia Stenson’s
The Treaty: Every New Zealanders Guide to the Treaty of Waitangi;
and Ranginui Walker’s revised
Ka Whaiwhai Tonu, Struggle Without End. The State Services
Commission produced a booklet,
Timeline of the Treaty, drawn from material on its Treaty
Information website,
www.treatyofwaitangi.govt.nz, which was also launched in 2004.
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3.3 Claims before the Waitangi Tribunal
The Waitangi Tribunal released reports on three major inquiries into historical grievances covering
90 claims: the Mohaka ki Ahuriri report (Hawke’s Bay), Te Raupatu o Tauranga Moana (Tauranga)
and Turanga Tangata Turanga Whenua (Gisborne). They represent many years of research and
hearings, through a process akin to a truth and reconciliation commission, with tribunals made up
of both Māori and non-Māori. The extensive reports provide a rich source of regional historical
information as well as providing an official record and acknowledgment of longstanding grievances.
The absence of public knowledge of these histories, however, prompted the Tribunal to express
frustration in its Turanga report, for example, “that, while the peoples of Gisborne have a rich and
sometimes dramatic shared history, there is a lack of local education programmes to ensure local
communities are aware of that history”. That, it said, “remains a primary obstacle to the process of
reconciliation.”
The Tribunal also released a report on the Crown’s Foreshore and Seabed Policy and the Te
Arawa mandate, and convened other urgent hearings in relation to the South Island Landless
Natives Act 1906 and sentencing assessment policy. Six major inquiries covering around 200
further claims were actively advanced through research, hearings and report preparation during
2004. These were the inquiries relating to Kaipara, Hauraki, Northern South Island, Wairarapa ki
Tararua, Te Urewera and Whanganui lands. The Tribunal has also been working on research and
facilitation in the Central North Island, East Coast, Wairoa, and National Park inquiry districts.
3.4 Treaty settlements
The Office of Treaty Settlements continued to negotiate historical settlements with claimant
groups. The process includes recognition of the mandate of the negotiating team, agreeing on
terms of negotiation, substantive negotiations leading to an Agreement in Principle including a
proposed financial quantum, detailed negotiations leading to a Deed of Settlement and finally
legislation giving effect to the settlement. Milestones in 2004 included:
• Recognition of the mandates of negotiators for Wellington (Taranaki Whanui) claims, Ngati
Tuwharetoa, Te Arawa (non-lakes), and Ngati Apa ki Rangitikei.
• Terms of Negotiation were signed with Ngati Manawa, Ngati Whare, Moriori, Wellington
(Taranaki Whanui), Ngati Kahu ki Whangaroa and Te Arawa.
• Agreements in principle were signed with Te Aupouri and Te Roroa. Deeds of Settlement were
signed for the Te Arawa lakes claim, and initialed with Ngati Mutunga (awaiting ratification).
• Settlement Bills for Ngāti Awa and Ngati Tuwharetoa (Bay of Plenty) were introduced to
Parliament in August and November respectively, and the Ngati Awa Claims Settlement Bill was
reported back to Parliament in December.
To date $717.671 million has been committed to final and comprehensive settlements and several
part settlements. This includes $12.622 million paid as claimant funding separate from the
negotiated settlement redress. Alongside these compensatory payments, Treaty settlements
generally include both a formal apology by the Crown and protocols, cultural redress and
arrangements for future interactions between the relevant iwi and the Crown.
The Office of Treaty Settlements also published a condensed bilingual guide to the Treaty of
Waitangi claims settlement process,
Healing the Past, Building a Future in response to increased
public interest in the settlement process.
13
3.5 Fisheries and Aquaculture
Twelve years after the Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Act was passed in 1992, the Māori Fisheries
Act 2004 was finally passed to implement the agreements reached in the 1992 Fisheries Deed of
Settlement. The original Deed of Settlement provided for a cash settlement and 20 percent of
fishing quotas, managed by the Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission. The Act replaces the
Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission with two new organisations, Te Ohu Kaimoana and
Aotearoa Fisheries Limited and establishes a framework for the allocation and management of
settlement assets. Around half of the settlement assets (which now total around $750 million
compared to the initial settlement sum of $170 million) are to be allocated and transferred to iwi
while the remainder will be under central management. In order to receive the assets, iwi have to
meet certain commercial and governance criteria and become a recognised iwi fisheries
organisation under the Act.
The Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act was passed in December 2004. It
provides a full and final settlement of Māori commercial aquaculture interests since the Fisheries
Deed of Settlement in 1992, and commits the Crown to provide a Māori Commercial Aquaculture
Settlement Trust with the equivalent of 20 percent of existing (since 1992) and new aquaculture
space. Claims to aquaculture space allocated before 1992 will continue to be addressed through
the Treaty claims process. The Act sets a 10 year goal for the Crown to complete the settlement,
and iwi will re required to establish iwi aquaculture organisations under the same criteria as in the
Māori Fisheries Act.
3.6 Te Reo Māori
The Waitangi Tribunal reported on the Te Reo Māori claim in 1986, and this led to the Māori
Language Act in 1987, which recognised te reo as an official language of New Zealand and
established the Māori Language Commission. High Court action in relation to the transfer of radio
and television assets to State Owned Enterprises led the Government to give an undertaking in
1991 to develop special purpose Māori television. The Crown accepted that “the principles of the
Treaty impose a continuing obligation on the Crown to take such active steps as are reasonable to
assist in the preservation of the Māori language by the use of both radio and television
broadcasting”. Since then, the government has established Te Mangai Paho, a funding agency for
Māori broadcasting, and a network of over 30 Māori radio stations now operates. In March 2004,
Māori Television finally went to air, and has attracted an audience of both Māori and Pakeha.
14
4. National Identity and Cultural Diversity
4.1 National Identity
The increasingly diverse composition of New Zealand society, a growing sense of independence
from the colonial past and the quest for competitive advantage in the globalised market was
reflected in a range of developments relating to national identity. A businessman launched a major
campaign for a new national flag to reflect New Zealand’s national identity and to distinguish it from
the Australian flag, and a new New Zealand Supreme Court replaced the Privy Council. The
Tourism Board initiated a major promotion of Māori tourism operators with the mass distribution of
a
Rough Guide To Māori New Zealand to households in the United Kingdom. The Māori words of
the national anthem became more firmly entrenched at major sporting and other events, and New
Zealand’s diversity in sport was demonstrated by Tana Umaga becoming the first New Zealand
Samoan captain of the All Blacks, and compatriot Beatrice Faumuina carrying the New Zealand
flag at the opening ceremony of the Olympics.
Cultural festivals such as the Chinese New Year, the Pasifika festival, St Patrick’s Day, Matariki
and Diwali attracted hundreds of thousands of New Zealanders of all ethnic backgrounds in an
increasing number of centres. Partnerships of local government, foreign embassies, bilateral
business associations and ethnic communities, which account for the success of many of these
festivals, have also emerged for the celebration of national days for Japan, Thailand, Korea and
other countries with migrant communities in New Zealand. There has been significant growth in
the number of cultural events, performances and exhibitions in the arts. Creative New Zealand
adopted a new strategic plan which foresees as one of its key outcomes the development of a
cultural diversity strategy. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage completed the first stage of its on-
line encyclopedia, Te Ara, focusing on the stories of New Zealand’s diverse peoples, which was
publicly launched on 8 February 2005.
4.2 The New Zealand Diversity Action Programme
The New Zealand Diversity Action Programme was adopted by a citizens’ forum at Parliament in
August.
The desecration of two Jewish cemeteries in Wellington in July and August led the New Zealand
Parliament to take the unprecedented action of unanimously passing a resolution deploring these
acts, recalling the terrible history of anti-Semitism culminating in the Holocaust, and expressing
unequivocal condemnation of anti-Semitism and all forms of racial and ethnic hatred, persecution
and discrimination.
A statement signed by Māori, Pakeha, Pacific, Asian and other ethnic community leaders, religious
leaders, mayors and councillors, business and trade union leaders and community groups was
tabled in the House supporting the resolution.
The Speaker also invited community representatives to a forum at Parliament on the way forward
for racial harmony. The forum of 250 people heard the ideas that had been put forward by
participants beforehand, raised further suggestions, and unanimously adopted the outline of the
New Zealand Diversity Action Programme. The programme has ten steps, as follows:
1. Develop a network of people and organisations that share a vision and a concern for
harmonious relationships in a diverse and inclusive New Zealand.
15
2. Establish a forum through the Internet, with information pages and a web-portal to new and
existing sites about New Zealand’s diverse communities.
3. Create a centre for the study and promotion of cultural diversity that is able to lead research,
inform debate, and connect people in different institutions and organisations.
4. Conduct a public conversation about our constitutional, legislative and institutional framework to
protect human rights including diversity.
5. Focus on education and youth through a review and reform of the school curriculum to ensure
that civics, values, languages, histories and cultures are part of the core curriculum and that
there are high quality resources to support it.
6. Foster diversity in the media so that they reflect and promote the diversity of our society, both
through greater diversity in the mainstream media and through the strengthening of Māori,
Pacific and other ethnic media to give voice to all New Zealanders.
7. Support the successful settlement of refugees and migrants, through the development of
migrant settlement plans for every local area by local authorities in conjunction with iwi, migrant,
community and business groups, as well as health, education, police and other government
service providers.
8. Celebrate diversity through cultural festivals and diversity in the arts, with increased central and
local government support for communities, artists and performers.
9. Provide connections to our heritage through the involvement of all ethnic communities in
historic, cultural and natural conservation and telling the diverse stories about our land and our
histories.
10. Promote dialogue and exchange between people of different views, cultures and faiths.
The Diversity Action Programme is being facilitated by the Race Relations Commissioner and a
wide range of organisations are being approached to become partners and to donate a project that
will contribute to its achievement. The ten steps will also be included in the New Zealand Action
Plan for Human Rights. Initial partners are the Asia New Zealand Foundation, the Bahaí
community, Caritas Aotearoa New Zealand, the Centre for Citizenship Education, Creative New
Zealand, the Global Education Centre, the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, the New Zealand
Federation of Ethnic Councils, the New Zealand Futures Trust, the New Zealand National
Commission for UNESCO, the Office of Ethnic Affairs, the Victoria University Centre for Applied
Cross-Cultural Studies, and the Victoria University Religious Studies Programme.
4.3 Immigration and settlement
Changes in immigration policy
Significant changes took place in immigration policy in July 2003, with the closing of the General
Skills Category, the introduction of an Interim General Skills Category, and then a new skilled
immigration policy – the Skilled Migrant Category, which came into effect in December 2003. The
new policy includes a process of expressions of interest instead of residence applications, and
invitations to apply to those who meet more stringent criteria including a higher level of English
language competency and an offer of employment. The result in the first six months of 2004 was a
16
dramatic fall in the overall number of residence approvals from 48,538 to 39,017, and a significant
change in the top ten source countries compared to 2002/03. The total number of residence
approvals from Great Britain increased from 16 percent to 21 percent, while the numbers from
India decreased from 16 percent to 8 percent and from China from 16 percent to 12 percent.
Numbers also dropped from Malaysia and the Philippines, while numbers increased from the
United States, South Africa and Zimbabwe. As a result of changes to criteria for Pacific Island
countries, there were increases in approvals from Tonga (3 percent to 5 percent), Samoa (3
percent to 6 percent) and Fiji (5 percent to 6 percent).
New Zealand Settlement Strategy
A national settlement strategy for migrants, refugees and their families was adopted by the
Government in 2003, and initial funding for the strategy was announced in the 2004 budget. It gave
long-overdue recognition to the fact that migration is only the start of the settlement process, and
that post-migration support is vital to achieve successful integration into New Zealand society.
The Strategy’s six goals for migrants and refugees are that they:
1. obtain employment appropriate to their qualifications and skills;
2. are confident using English in a New Zealand setting, or can access appropriate language
support to bridge the gap;
3. are able to access appropriate information and responsive services that are available to the
wider community (for example housing, education, and services for children);
4. form supportive social networks and establish a sustainable community identity;
5. feel safe expressing their ethnic identity and are accepted by, and are part of, the wider host
community; and
6. participate in civic, community and social activities.
The 2004 Budget saw a focus on the first three goals, with increased funding of $62 million over
four years for a range of strategies including English for children in schools, funding for
resettlement of refugees, the development of a network of migrant resource services, and careers
advice and support for unemployed former migrants.
Auckland Regional Settlement Strategy
The Auckland Regional Settlement Strategy was close to completion at the end of 2004. The
strategy is a signature project in the Auckland Sustainable Cities Programme, which is a
partnership between central government agencies and Auckland local authorities for a more
sustainable built environment, better transport, a more skilled workforce, good housing conditions
and strategies to settle migrants and refugees. The strategy aims to achieve sustainable settlement
outcomes which contribute to social cohesion in the Auckland Region and to establish appropriate
support for migrants and refugees to find suitable permanent employment, a stable living
environment and good health, and to achieve integration into New Zealand society.
The strategy is an inter-agency project, with central, local government and NGOs working together
with communities. It takes into account social, economic, environmental and cultural outcomes
and builds on the foundations of work already undertaken on settlement, with the aim of co-
ordinating and progressing this more effectively and efficiently. The Strategy will give
recommendations on effective practice, roles and responsibilities for policy and service
development, co-ordination and funding.
17
Samoan citizenship
The Government Administration Select Committee released its report on a petition to repeal the
Citizenship (Western Samoa) Act 1982, after an extensive hearing process. The 1982 Act was
passed to negate a Privy Council decision in the
Lesa case which ruled that many Samoan citizens
retained New Zealand citizenship status after Samoan independence in 1962. The petition, signed
by 10,000 people, was presented to Parliament in March 2003 accompanied by an unprecedented
demonstration of 2,000 members of the Samoan community. The Committee found:
• That the Act was consistent with international and human rights law.
• That the Act's consequences were to put Samoans in the same position as inhabitant in
other League of Nations mandated territories that have become independent, and that
Samoa was never a colony of New Zealand.
• That repeal of the law would be inappropriate from an international law perspective.
However the Committee also recognised the sense of grievance of Samoan New Zealanders going
back to incidents during New Zealand’s administration of Western Samoa and the overstayer
issues of the 1970s. It therefore also recommended as a positive way forward that the New
Zealand and Samoan governments together 'revisit, review and renew' the 1962 Treaty of
Friendship. The recommendation was accepted by the Government and at a meeting between the
Prime Ministers of New Zealand and Samoa it was agreed that the two countries explore and
develop a series of initiatives in education, culture, sports and inter-governmental cooperation.
The initiatives include:
• Regular consultations at official and ministerial levels;
• Staff exchanges in foreign affairs and other ministries;
• Sharing Samoan language educational resources;
• Exploring the development of a teacher exchange programme;
• An annual Prime Ministerial fellowship;
• Post-graduate research scholarships in New Zealand-Samoan relations;
• Cultural exchange programmes such as an artist-in-residence programme;
• A sports development fund to train referees and coaches.
Agreement was also reached to improve the operation of the current Samoan immigration quota to
assist in matching Samoan quota applicants to job opportunities to address the concern that the
annual quota was not being filled.
The Citizenship Act
The Citizenship Act 1977 was amended through the Identity (Citizenship and Travel Documents)
Bill, which increased the standard period of residence in New Zealand before a person becomes
eligible for citizenship from 3 to 5 years, and removed the provision for automatic citizenship of
children born in New Zealand to non-residents.
International students
Large numbers of international students are a relatively recent phenomenon in New Zealand, with
numbers growing spectacularly from a base of around 28,000 in 1998 and 1999, to 52,000 in 2001,
82,000 in 2002 and 118,000 in 2003. The vast majority of these students came from Asia (in
particular China, Japan and Korea) and alongside increased Asian migration and tourism in the
18
1990s, resulted in a marked and visible increase in the Asian presence in New Zealand,
particularly in the major metropolitan centres, where language schools tended to be concentrated
in the central business district. There were several major collapses of private language schools in
2003, along with concerns about the pastoral care of students and impact on host communities. A
revised Pastoral Care Code was introduced by the Ministry of Education in 2003, provisions for fee
protection for students upgraded, and attention was paid by the New Zealand Qualifications
Authority to improving the quality of private language schools in particular. There were no major
institutional failures in 2004, but the impact of earlier publicity about the treatment of international
students triggered a fall in numbers to 101,000 in 2004. Numbers remained relatively steady for
students attending university (22,500), polytechnics (8,000), private training establishments (5,000)
and schools (14,500). The major drop was in students attending private English language schools.
The dramatic rise in student numbers over a very short period was the likely cause of some of the
unease, harassment and abuse that occurred. There were signs in 2004 that the level of public
concern about international students was diminishing as numbers steadied and measures were put
in place to manage what had mushroomed in only five years to become a major export industry.
4.4 Language learning and retention
Language retention
Statistics New Zealand issued a report in November 2004 on language retention,
Concerning
Language, to inform public discussion on language retention issues in New Zealand and make
statistical information on this topic more readily available to interested groups. The report examines
the ability of 15 ethnic groups in New Zealand to speak their first languages, and investigates the
relationship between language retention and selected factors (such as age, birthplace, years since
arrival in New Zealand and religious affiliation), using data from the 2001 Census. It notes that
young people aged 0–24 years are less likely than their older counterparts to speak their ethnic
‘first language', and that some ethnic groups are at greater risk of not maintaining their first
languages than others. Among those, Niuean is one of the most at-risk languages.
The Korean
group has a relatively high proportion of people (81 percent) speaking a first language in New
Zealand, with 78 percent of Koreans aged 0–24 years able to have a conversation in Korean about
everyday things.
Acceptance of other languages
The use of languages other than English in the workplace led to a number of incidents during the
year where employers sought to impose an “English only” policy. Well publicised examples were a
South Auckland medical laboratory which threatened employees with dismissal if they spoke other
languages, and a Wellington rest home where a Samoan language occupational health and safety
poster was removed by the manager. Both incidents were satisfactorily resolved after informal
intervention by the Human Rights Commission.
Te Reo Māori
The Māori Language Commission has continued to promote te reo through a wide variety of
programmes, boosted by a government cross-sector Māori Language Strategy to monitor and
promote Māori language revitalisation initiated in 2003. A partnership with Te Puni Kokiri and the
Human Rights Commission led to a highly successful Māori Language Week in July 2004 focused
on encouraging all New Zealanders to “Give it a Go: Korero Māori”. Hundreds of organisations
participated, and there was a noticeable increase in support for te reo in the private sector. The
19
inaugural Māori Language Awards in September recognised the best contributions in Māori
Language Week. Television New Zealand won the supreme award and other awards included the
Gisborne Herald and Pacific Island radio station Niu FM.
Pacific Languages
The 2001 census revealed that the proportion of Pacific peoples speaking their first language
ranged from 62 percent for Samoans to 17 percent for Cook Islanders. The percentage for
Tongans was 54 percent, for Niueans and Fijians 26 percent, and Tokelauans 40 percent. Since
the majority of Cook Islanders, Niueans and Tokelauans live in New Zealand, this is a potentially
alarming situation in terms of the preservation of these languages. In the case of Niue, the number
of Niueans living outside of Niue is 93 percent of the total population. At the celebration of Niue’s
thirtieth anniversary as an independent nation in free association with New Zealand in 2004, the
New Zealand Prime Minister made a commitment to assist Niue in maintaining its distinct culture
and language. The Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs is now developing a pilot programme for
preserving the Niuean language in New Zealand, which is intended to provide a platform for a
larger programme which will seek to preserve the Niue, Tokelau and Cook Island Māori languages
among New Zealand communities. A national
Taoga Niue Committee has been established, and
regional committees are planned for Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch.
Niu FM, a pilot national Pacific radio network funded via the Ministry for Culture and Heritage and
with reserved radio frequencies, approached the end of its third year of operation. Capital Samoan
Radio in Wellington and 531pi, a pan-Pacific radio station in the greater Auckland region, were
funded by New Zealand on Air.
Language Line
The Office of Ethnic Affairs launched
Language Line, a pilot telephone interpreting service for six
participating government agencies, in 2003. In 2004, the Government decided that the service
should become permanent. The number of languages available was increased to 37, and
operating hours were extended to 9am - 6 pm Monday to Friday. The service has also been
extended to include further government agencies as well as the offices of all Members of
Parliament.
Language policy
One of the issues raised in consultation on the New Zealand Action Plan for Human Rights in 2004
was the need for a national languages policy to address the wide range of issues relating to
language in New Zealand. Responsibility for language learning and retention and language
services is scattered over a wide range of government agencies, including the Māori Language
Commission and Te Puni Kokiri, the Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs, the Office of Ethnic Affairs,
the Ministry of Education, the Tertiary Education Commission, the Ministry for Culture and
Heritage, the Ministry of Social Development and the Immigration Service. The issue of a national
languages policy covering the full range of language issues was raised over a decade ago in a
Ministry of Education report,
Aoteareo, but developments since that time, while positive, have been
ad hoc and uncoordinated.
4.5 Religion
The growth of non-Christian religions in New Zealand has challenged employers, government
agencies, schools and the community to accommodate religious diversity. There was considerable
public and media attention in 2004 to a court case in Auckland where the defence objected to two
20
Muslim women wearing the burqa (covering their faces except for their eyes) whilst giving evidence
as Crown witnesses. The judge called for submissions on the matter and ultimately decided to
allow screens to be used to ensure that only the judge, counsel and female court staff were able to
observe the witness’ face. There was also controversy about a Christchurch secondary school
which provided a purpose-built prayer room for Muslim students.
Following the first national interfaith forum held at Parliament in 2003, interfaith initiatives continued
to grow. There was a high level of cooperation between the Jewish and Muslim communities, as
well as other faith groups, in response to the desecration of Jewish cemeteries in July and August,
and the hate mail sent to Muslim families in September. The Government sponsored a delegation
of twelve New Zealanders to a regional dialogue on interfaith cooperation in the reduction of
conflict in Indonesia in December. Recommendations from the delegation included the
establishment of both a regional and national framework for multi-faith cooperation, a mechanism
for the Government to liaise with multi-faith groups, and the development of a national statement
on religious tolerance.
The challenge of multiculturalism in faith communities was not just a matter for Christian churches,
but also for other religions. The Mt Roskill mosque in Auckland, for example, reported that it had
32 different nationalities amongst its members, making it perhaps the most multicultural local
religious community in New Zealand.
4.6 Other milestones
Establishment of the Chinese Heritage Trust
In February the Government announced the outcome of a consultation process facilitated by the
Office of Ethnic Affairs on an appropriate reconciliation package for the Chinese community. This
followed the Government apology in 2002 to the early Chinese settlers and their descendants who
faced statutory discrimination in New Zealand, particularly through the Poll Tax. The package
comprised a $5m seeding grant for a government-administered community trust, new school
resources which tell the stories of Chinese settlers in New Zealand and the preservation of a
significant Chinese heritage site in Central Otago.
It is envisaged that the community trust will fund projects to boost the study of Chinese New
Zealand history, encourage cultural and language maintenance, promote greater public awareness
of ethnic diversity, and support projects that strengthen the unique identity of Chinese New
Zealanders.
Asia New Zealand Foundation
The Asia 2000 Foundation, established in 1994 as a non-profit private-public partnership to
strengthen links with the Asian region, marked its tenth anniversary with a change of name to the
Asia New Zealand Foundation. It also adopted a new strategic direction following widespread
consultation in 2003 on its
Seriously Asia project. The Foundation works to develop New
Zealanders' knowledge and understanding of the countries and peoples of Asia, help New
Zealanders acquire the right skills to work effectively with Asian counterparts, build New Zealand's
links with Asia, and promote and assist New Zealanders' participation in regional activities. It also
promotes Asian culture in New Zealand, and was the initiator of the now well-established Chinese
Lantern and Indian Diwali festivals, which are now attended by hundreds of thousands of New
Zealanders. It published a comprehensive directory of Asian community organisations in New
Zealand in 2004.
21
The Foundation also published the following two reports:
1)
Government Strategic Directions: identifying pathways for collaboration outlines the New
Zealand government’s responsiveness to Asian communities. The paper argues that while
government agencies are taking action in reply to demographic changes there is a broader need to
ensure that New Zealanders themselves have opportunities to develop intercultural skills.
2)
Seriously Asia Action Report December 2003 - 2004 provides a progress report on the 2003
Seriously Asia project designed to strengthen New Zealand’s relationships with the countries of
Asia.
Pacific Cooperation Foundation
A new public-private partnership, the Pacific Cooperation Foundation, also received Government
support of $675,000 in the 2004 budget. The Foundation’s mission is to benefit the peoples of the
Pacific Islands and New Zealand by increasing cooperation and understanding between them.
Private sector sponsors of the Foundation include Air New Zealand, Fonterra, Brother, the Pacific
Forum Line and Reef Shipping.
Completion of Fale Pasifika at Auckland University
A ten year vision, driven by Samoan academic and writer Professor Albert Wendt, became a reality
when the magnificent new Fale Pasifika was opened at the University of Auckland. The 12 metre
high fale, based on the traditional Samoan meeting house, is the second largest in the Southern
Hemisphere, with seating for 300 people. It will be used by the Centre for Pacific Studies, other
academics, and the Pacific Island communities of Auckland. At the opening by the Prime Minister,
Centre Director Dr Melanie Anae said the fale realised a dream of Pacific migrants over 50 years
ago. She said that her parents like many other migrants worked on factory floors, but they had
dreams for their children, that New Zealand would be a better place for successive generations.
Statistics about New Zealand’s Diversity
Ethnic composition of
Ethnic distribution of the population:
the population
In 2001, Māori made up 14.7% of the usually resident population,
6.6% said they belonged to an Asian ethnic group, 6.5% to a
Pacific peoples ethnic group and 80.0% to a European ethnic
group. By 2021, the Māori share of the population is projected to
be 17%, the Pacific share 9%, and the Asian share 13%.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2001 census, national summary, Table 8;
cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report 2004
People born overseas
The 2001 Census showed that almost 1 in 5 New Zealand
residents were born overseas. The main countries of overseas
birthplace were (in descending order): England, Australia,
Samoa, China and Scotland.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census Snapshot: Cultural Diversity, March
2002
Multilingual people
The 2001 Census showed that the number of multilingual people
increased by 20% from the 1996 Census to 562,113 or nearly 1
in 6. English is the predominant language spoken. Excluding
22
children under 5 years of age, 1 in 50 people do not speak
English. The languages most widely spoken after English were
(in descending order): Māori, Samoan, French, Yue (Cantonese)
and German.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census Snapshot: Cultural Diversity, March
2002
Māori language speakers
The 2001 Census showed that 4.5% of the total population, and
25% of Māori could hold a conversation in Māori. After Māori,
Pacific peoples had the highest proportion who could speak
Māori (5.8%), followed by Europeans (1.7%) and Asians (0.8%).
Source: Statistics New Zealand, 2001 census; cited in Ministry of Social
Development, Social Report 2004
Religious affiliation
The 2001 Census showed that over two million people are
Christian. There has also been an increase in people whose
religion is non-Christian: 39,798 declared their religion to be
Hindu, 41,634 Buddhist, 23,631 Islam and 16,062 Spiritualism.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census Snapshot: Cultural Diversity, March
2002
Refugee status claims
In 2003/2004, 362 successful refugee claimants were approved
for residence.
Source: New Zealand Immigration Service
Migration Trends 2003/3004 www.immigration.govt.nz
Refugee quota
In 2003/2004, 865 people were accepted for resettlement to New
Zealand through the Refugee Quota Programme. The largest
source country of these refugees was Afghanistan (58%) – a
result of the family reunification exercise to reunite
Tampa refugees with their families and spouses.
Source: New Zealand Immigration Service
Migration Trends 2003/3004 www.immigration.govt.nz
Residence decisions
A total of 39,017 people in 20,631 applications were approved for
residence in 2003/2004. This number was 87% of the 2003/2004
New Zealand Immigration Programme, which was set with an
approval limit of 45,000 by the Government.
Source: New Zealand Immigration Service
Migration Trends 2003/3004 www.immigration.govt.nz
23
5. Inequalities in the Enjoyment of Human Rights
5.1 Measuring inequalities
The Ministry of Social Development’s
Social Report for 2004 illustrated continuing inequalities
between Māori, Pacific and other New Zealanders. The Ministry also reports regularly to Cabinet
on the effectiveness of government programmes to reduce inequalities. A report to Cabinet in
June 2004 advised as follows:
“1. Importantly, disadvantage has declined across different groups within the community.
Across many of the indicators of disadvantage, there have been improvements in absolute
terms for Māori, Pacific, and (where we have data) other key groups within the population.
For example, compared to the mid 1990s, Māori and Pacific people are living longer, are
less likely to be unemployed, have higher average incomes, and have higher rates of
participation in early childhood and tertiary education.
2. The extent to which there is greater equality of opportunity across our society is less clear.
Based on the analysis of indicators for the Māori and Pacific populations, it is clear that
while absolute levels of disadvantage have often declined, there are still differences
between population groups. Officials have measured changes in equality of opportunity
based on the extent to which there are changes in the relative difference in outcomes for
groups within the population. This approach reveals a mixed picture for Māori and Pacific
peoples.
3. (The following) table sets out a summary of indicators across different outcome areas. It is
based on a review of indicator trends for the total, Māori and Pacific populations by the
Ministry of Social Development. In the time available, it has not been possible to include an
analysis of indicator trends for a wider range of sub-groups. This will be expanded in the
future. For example, the ethnic sector accounted for 10 percent of the population in 2001
and is projected to grow to 18 percent by 2021, and will account for even a bigger proportion
of young people and those in the workforce. Any future work needs to assess outcomes for
ethnic sector groups, and address the lack of quality information available. “
24
Changes in reducing inequalities outcomes
Source: Ministry for Social Development report to Cabinet, June 2004
Outcome
Outcomes for the total
Outcomes for Māori and Pacific
population
populations
Better health and
For the whole population
Māori life expectancy has improved in
reduced
there have been
absolute and relative terms in recent
inequalities in
improvements in outcomes
years. For smoking, Māori and Pacific
health
related to life expectancy,
peoples rates have shown no change
infant mortality, avoidable
whereas European rates have
mortality, smoking, and
declined slightly. Road traffic deaths
suicide rates. Indicators
have shown improvement in both
where the data show no
absolute and relative terms for Māori
improvement include motor
and Pacific peoples. Avoidable
vehicle deaths, workplace
mortality has improved in absolute
injuries, and ambulatory
terms for Māori and Pacific peoples.
hospitalisations.
Avoidable hospitalisations have
worsened for Māori and Pacific
peoples in absolute and relative
terms.
Positive parenting
The overall incidence of
Measured abuse and neglect of Māori
and a reduced
children assessed as
children has reduced in absolute and
incidence of abuse
abused or neglected shows
relative terms.
and neglect
no clear trend.
High levels of
Participation in early
Participation in early childhood and
participation in
childhood and tertiary
tertiary education is increasing with
education and
education has improved.
Māori rates in tertiary now exceeding
improved
Qualification rates of school non-Māori rates. Age 10 mathematics
educational
leavers have recently
achievement has improved in absolute
achievement
declined slightly. There has terms for Māori. In line with the total
been an increase in
population qualification rates of school
completions of tertiary
leavers have recently declined slightly.
qualifications below
There has been an absolute and
Bachelor’s level but no
relative increase in qualifications
change at Bachelor’s level
below Bachelor’s level, however,
and above.
tertiary qualification completions at
Educational attainment of
Bachelor’s level and above have
the adult population has
worsened for Māori. The educational
improved for those with at
attainment of the adult population with
least School Certificate and at least School Certificate has
at Bachelor’s level and
improved for Māori and Pacific
above.
peoples at an absolute and relative
level
Improved labour
Over the last five years
Over the last five years there has been
market
there has been a significant a significant reduction in
participation,
reduction in unemployment. unemployment for Māori and Pacific
greater access to
peoples.
sustainable
employment
opportunities and
reduced
unemployment
25
Higher overall living Median hourly earnings
Differences between Māori, Pacific
standards and
have increased over recent
peoples and European incomes have
reduced poverty
years. There has been a
remained unchanged. Median hourly
across the
decline in the percentage of earnings have improved in absolute
community
the population receiving a
and relative terms for both Māori and
core benefit. Trends for
Pacific peoples.
other indicators of poverty
are less clear, or time series
data is not available.
Affordable housing
Household affordability is
Over the long term Māori and Pacific
of an adequate
showing no sign of
peoples have done less well than
standard
improvement although
Europeans in terms of household
crowded households are
affordability but shown relative
declining.
improvements for household crowding.
Reduced criminal
Indicators are not
Indicators are not conclusive in this
victimisation and
conclusive in this area.
area.
violence
Cultural and ethnic
Indicators are not
There are positive gains being made
identities are
conclusive in this area.
in the acquisition of Māori language.
valued
Greater social
Indicators are not
Indicators are not conclusive in this
capital and reduced conclusive in this area.
area.
social isolation
Clearly, there continue to be significant disparities between ethnic groups in New Zealand. There is
therefore a continuing need for policy development to actively consider impact on disadvantage
and where appropriate special measures to achieve equality, as provided for in the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and in the New Zealand Bill of
Rights Act 1990.
26
5.2 Statistics on civil, political, economic and social rights
Background
In New Zealand, the government regularly collects and publishes a range of statistical data,
including economic and social indicators, which provide information about different ethnic groups in
New Zealand. Such information can be found, for example, in the Ministry of Social Development’s
Social Report, the New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings (carried out five-yearly by
Statistics New Zealand), and statistics collected by the Department of Labour, the Ministry of
Education, Te Puni Kokiri and local authorities, amongst others. Many complaints bodies such as
the Human Rights Commission, the Employment Relations Service, the Broadcasting Standards
Authority and the Advertising Standards Authority also deal with complaints relating to ‘race’
issues.
An indicators framework or report that provides comprehensive information on human rights and
race relations has not yet been developed. The tables that follow do not constitute an indicators
report, or purport to measure the health of race relations in New Zealand or the extent to which
different ethnic groups in New Zealand enjoy human rights. They are rather a point of reference for
people wanting to investigate race relations issues further. Hopefully they will stimulate further
debate on how we can develop appropriate indicators and collect appropriate data in order to
measure progress towards racial equality, the realisation of human rights and harmonious race
relations. There is still a lot of work which needs to be done in order to produce a report which is
able to achieve this. Working through this process will also help identify where gaps in current data
collection exist.
Ethnic identity
In order to gather statistical information on various ethnic groups and to measure inequalities
between ethnic groups, data must, of course, be disaggregated by ethnicity. The Human Rights
Commission’s report
Human Rights in New Zealand Today noted that the definition of ethnicity,
particularly for the purpose of the collection of ethnicity data in the five-yearly census by Statistics
New Zealand, is a matter of continuing debate and review. One of the outcomes of Statistics New
Zealand’s
Review of the Measurement of Ethnicity was that prioritisation of multiple ethnic
responses to one group is discontinued as the standard output for ethnicity data in official statistics.
The standard way of outputting ethnicity data is now either single/combination output or total
response output.
The difficulty in measuring race relations and human rights
Human Rights in New Zealand Today noted that there was no consistent framework for research,
data collection and measurement to identify race relations issues and to enable the measurement
of progress in achieving racial equality and harmonious relationships. The report also
acknowledged the difficulty in developing indicators as a basis for reporting areas of compliance
with human rights obligations, including the extent of discrimination – both extremely relevant when
trying to gauge the health of race relations in New Zealand. Although a review of New Zealand’s
reports to international human rights treaty bodies over the last twenty years demonstrate that
there has been some development of indicators as a basis for reporting areas of compliance, at
present there is no clearly established framework for reporting across the range of human rights
standards.
Human Rights in New Zealand Today also identified the need for government agencies
to gather, report and use human rights data that can be disaggregated in accordance with the
reporting requirements under international human rights obligations, and that mechanisms need to
27
be developed for better collection and coordination of data on complaints of discrimination.
Currently the extent of discrimination is difficult to gauge, as there is no complete national record of
who complains, where they complain, and how they elect to deal with concerns about
discrimination.
Data sources and limitations
The following tables use predominantly central and local government sources of information,
including in particular the
Social Report 2004. The
Social Report is a publication by the Ministry of
Social Development on social wellbeing in New Zealand. The report is structured around ten
distinct 'outcome domains' that together try and capture those aspects of life that are important for
New Zealanders for quality of life and wellbeing. The outcome domains are as follows: health;
knowledge and skills; paid work; economic standard of living; civil and political rights; cultural
identity; leisure and recreation; physical environment; safety and social connectedness. Each
outcome domain comprises a set of indicators that measure key trends. The report provides
information on how social wellbeing is changing over time, how wellbeing in New Zealand
compares with other OECD countries, and how different population sub-groups are faring – where
possible, the report provides disaggregations by age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status and
region.
Information drawn from the
Social Report 2004 has been recategorised in the following tables
under ‘civil and political rights’ and ‘economic, social and cultural rights’. Any technical information
relating to definitions or formulae used, or limitations of data, is not listed in this report. The source
of the information recorded should be referred to for any enquiries in this regard.
28
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS1
Civil and political rights are generally embodied in the
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights and include the right to liberty and security of the person. The
Universal Declaration of
Human Rights also refers to the right to take part (directly or indirectly) in government and other
rights in order to ensure that people are able to take part in public and political life. The
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination specifically
encourages respect for fundamental freedoms without distinction as to race.
Human Rights in New Zealand Today noted that the right to security of the person is relevant in a
variety of contexts in which the State is required to keep its citizens safe, ranging from the threat of
terrorism to domestic violence. The right to individual security includes how the State protects the
physical integrity of its citizens from abuse by other citizens. Accordingly, ‘safety’ has been
included in this section.
Discrimination
Perceived discrimination
Proportion (%) of survey respondents who perceived selected
Definition: The proportion of people groups as being subject to some, or a great deal of discrimination,
aged 18 and over who perceived December 2000-January 2004:
selected groups as being the target
of some or a great deal of
discrimination.
In January 2004, 78% of respondents from the Human Rights
Commission survey thought that Asian people were subject to a
great deal or some discrimination. This was followed by recent
immigrants (72%) and refugees (70%).
Source: Human Rights Commission (2004) Omnibus Results, www.hrc.co.nz; cited
in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report 2004
Representation
Composition
of
city The membership of councils in New Zealand is predominantly
councils and community European/Pakeha, towards middle age and male. However since
boards
reform in 1989, the membership of councils has reflected greater
ethnic and gender diversity with the median age gradually falling.
The proportion of women in local government has stabilised at
approximately 30%. Although this figure is high by international
standards, and women candidates have a greater chance of being
elected than males, women in general are less likely to be
candidates, especially in rural councils. The proportion of elected
members who identified as Māori has increased from under 2% in
1992 to nearly 6% in 1998, a figure that has remained relatively
stable. Other ethnic groups make up less than 2% of elected
members. Middle sized councils, such as Porirua, seem to be the
most successful at achieving diverse representation.
Source: Local Government New Zealand
1 Please note: these tables do not purport to measure progress towards the realisation of human rights.
29
Composition
of
school The ethnicity of those elected onto boards of trustees in the 2004
boards of trustees
elections as parent representatives by and large reflects the ethnicity
of those standing for election as candidates. The percentage of
those elected onto boards in 2004 identified as NZ European/Pakeha
(76.1%) was slightly higher than the percentage standing for election
(74.1%). Māori made up 17.6% of those elected as parent
representatives and 18.8% of candidates, Pasifika people 3.8% of
those elected and 5.0% of candidates, and people of Asian ethnicity
accounted for 0.8% of elected representatives and 1.5% of
candidates. The final 1.7% of elected parent representatives and
0.6% of candidates identified with another ethnicity (such as South
American or African).
The data show a decrease in the proportion of NZ European /
Pakeha candidates, parent elected representatives and all trustees
between 2001 and 2004, and a corresponding increase in the
proportion of Māori candidates, parent elected representatives, and
all trustees. The data also show a discernable increase in the
proportion of Pasifika candidates, parent elected representatives and
all trustees.
Source: Ministry of Education
Boards of Trustees Elections Analysis 2004 www.minedu.govt.nz
Composition of Parliament
At the end of 2004 there were 120 Members of Parliament, of whom
95 were Pakeha, 19 Māori, 3 Pasifika and 3 Asian.
Source: New Zealand Parliamentary Service, www.ps.parliament.govt.nz
Participation
Community involvement in There were large ethnic differences in terms of satisfaction. Pacific
council decision-making
Islands (54%) and Asian/Indian (50%) respondents were more likely,
compared to other ethnic groups (30%), to be satisfied or very
Resident’s rating of satisfaction satisfied with involvement in decision-making.
with the way their council involves
the public in the decisions it makes European respondents were more likely to state that councils had
(2002)
their own agenda and did not listen to public opinion, compared with
other ethnic groups. Māori respondents suggested the lack of
information and publicity was a cause for dissatisfaction.
Source: Eight Cities Quality of Life Survey 2002; cited in Quality of Life 2004
Report
Resident’s satisfaction of the Over two-thirds of respondents believed that voting in council
extent of public influence on elections provided residents with a chance to influence decisions
council decision-making (2002)
about their community. Europeans were much more likely to
disagree (23%) that voting influenced council decisions. Pacific
Islands and Asian/Indian respondents were much more positive
about the role of voting (with 79% and 72%) respectively.
Source: Eight Cities Quality of Life Survey 2002; cited in Quality of Life 2004
Report
30
Imprisonment
Prison inmates
51% of prison inmates are Māori, 36% European, 10% are Pacific
peoples, 2% Asian and 1% are of ‘other’ ethnicity.
Source: Department of Corrections
Annual Report 2004 www.corrections.govt.nz
Safety
Child abuse and neglect
Substantiated cases of child abuse or neglect, Māori and non-Māori
Definition: The number of children ethnicity, year ended 30 June, 2003:
assessed as abused (physically,
emotionally, sexually) or neglected In 2003, the rate of child abuse or neglect per 1,000 11.9 for Māori
following a notification to the
Department of Child, Youth and and 5.9 for non-Māori.
Family Services, as a proportion
(per 1,000) of all children under 17 Source: Ministry of Social Development, CYRAS, note: 2001 and 2002 rates have
years of age.
been revised; cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report 2004
Criminal victimisation
Criminal victimisation rate by major offence type and ethnicity 2000:
Definition: The proportion of the
population aged 15 and over who In 2000, 41% of Māori respondents had experienced criminal
have been the victims of one or victimization compared with 29% of Europeans, 28% of Pacific
more
incidents
of
criminal
offending as measured by the peoples and 26% of ‘other’ ethnicities.
2001 National Survey of Crime
Victims.
Source: Morris, A., Reilly J., Berry, S. and Ransom, R. (2003)
New Zealand
National Survey of Crime Victims 2001. Ministry of Justice: Wellington, Table 2.14;
cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report 2004
Perceptions of safety
Proportion of adults aged 15 and over who felt unsafe walking alone
Definition: The proportion of the in their neighbourhood after dark by ethnicity, 2001:
people who reported that they felt
unsafe walking alone in their 38% of Pacific people report feeling unsafe about walking alone in
neighbourhood at night. People
who said they did not walk alone at their neighbourhood after dark compared with 22% of Māori, 29% of
night were asked how they thought European and 30% of the ‘Other’ ethnic group.
they would feel.
Source: Morris, A., Reilly J., Berry, S. and Ransom, R. (2003)
New Zealand
National Survey of Crime Victims 2001. Ministry of Justice: Wellington; cited in
Ministry of Social Development, Social Report 2004
Road Casualties
Motor vehicle death rates by ethnicity:
Definition: The number of people
killed or injured in motor vehicle The age-standardised death rate for Māori in 1999 was 19 per
crashes as a proportion (per 100,000 compared with 12 per 100,000 for the European/Other
100,000) of the total population.
ethnic groups and 8 per 100,000 for Pacific peoples.
Source: New Zealand Health Information Service, cited in Ministry of Health 2000,
Table 1; unpublished data for 1998, 1999 from NZHIS; cited in Ministry of Social
Development, Social Report 2004
31
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS2
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is the primary international
document which contains economic and social rights. Economic and social rights include:
• The right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
• The right to education.
• The right to work.
• The right to an adequate standard of living.
Health
Health expectancy
Independent life expectancy, Māori, non-Māori by sex:
Definition: The number of years a
person could expect to live in good
Revised estimates for 2001 indicate that a newborn Māori male
health. The particular measure of
had a partial (0-85 years) independent life expectancy of 58.0
health expectancy used here is the
number of years a person could
years, compared to 65.2 years for a non-Māori male. A Māori
expect to live independently, ie
female born in 2001 could expect to have a partial independent life
without any functional limitation
expectancy of 59.0 years compared with 68.2 years for non-Māori
(disability) requiring the assistance
females.
of another person or complex
assistive device. Hence it is also
Source: Ministry of Health, revised data, note: these Māori, non-Māori
described as independent life
comparisons in independent life expectancy are based on estimates for the 0-85
expectancy at birth.
year age group because of the small number of Māori over 85 years of age; cited
in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report 2004
Life expectancy
Life expectancy at birth, by ethnic group and sex:
Definition: Life expectancy at birth
indicates the total number of years
In 2000-2002, male life expectancy at birth was 77.2 years for non-
a person could expect to live,
Māori and 69.0 years for Māori. Female life expectancy at birth
based on the mortality rates of the
population at each age in a given
was 81.9 for non-Māori and 73.2 years for Māori.
year.
Source: Statistics New Zealand/Ministry of Health, note: figures for 1981-1996
have been adjusted for undercount, using Statistics New Zealand estimates for
1996; cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report 2004
Suicide
Age-standardised suicide rates and number of suicide deaths,
Definition: The number of suicide
Māori and non-Māori:
deaths per 100,000 population.
In 2001, the age-standardised rate of suicide death was 13.4 per
100,000 for Māori, compared to 11.2 for non-Māori. The suicide
rate for Māori youth in 2001 was 28.0 per 100,000 compared with
the non-Māori rate of 18.1 per 100,000. Because of small
numbers, trends in Māori suicide rates should be treated with
caution.
Source: Ministry of Health, New Zealand Health Information Service, note: 2000
and 2001 figures are provisional. Age standardised to Segi’s world population;
cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report 2004
Prevalence of cigarette
Age standardised prevalence of smoking by sex and ethnicity,
2 Please note: these tables do not purport to measure progress towards the realisation of human rights.
32
smoking
2002:
Definition: The proportion of the
population aged 15 and over who
Māori women have the highest smoking prevalence (52%),
currently smoke cigarettes.
followed by Māori men (39%). Among Pacific peoples, smoking is
more prevalent among men (35%) than among women (29%).
Among the European/Other ethnic group, smoking is more
prevalent among men (23.8%) than among women (20.6%).
Source: Ministry of Health (2003)
Tobacco Facts 2003. Ministry of Health:
Wellington, Table 1; cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report 2004
Obesity
Proportion of the population aged 15+ who are obese, by sex &
Definition: The proportion of the
ethnic group, 1997, and proportion of the population aged 5-14
population aged 15 and over who
who are obese, by sex & ethnic group, 2002:
are obese. Obesity is defined as
having a Body Mass Index (BMI)
greater than 30 for New Zealand
Among adults in 1997, 28% of Māori females and 27% of Māori
European / Other, or greater than
males were obese. For Pacific adults, the figures were 47% for
32 for Māori and Pacific people.3
females and 26% for males. This compares with 17% for
For the population under 15, the
European/Other females and 13% for European/Other males.
measure is the proportion of
Among children aged 5-14 in 2002, there was a similar pattern
children aged 5-14 years whose
BMI met an international definition
(Pacific children: 31% and 26% for females and males respectively;
of obesity in the 2002 National
Māori children: 17%, 16%; European/Other: 6%, 5%).
Children’s Nutrition Survey.4
Source: Ministry of Health (1999)
NZ Food, NZ People: Key Results of the 1997
National Nutrition Survey. Ministry of Health Wellington, p171; cited in Ministry
of Social Development, Social Report 2004
Source: Ministry of Health (1997)
National Nutrition Survey. Ministry of Health:
Wellington and Russell, D. and Wilson, N. (1991)
Life in New Zealand, Volume
1, Executive Overview. University of Otago: Dunedin, note: rates are age-
standardised using the WHO world population; cited in Ministry of Social
Development, Social Report 2004
Knowledge & Skills
Participation in early
Early childhood education attendance by Year One students, by
childhood education
ethnic group:
Definition: The number of
enrolments of children aged three
The proportion of Year One students who had attended an early
and four years in early childhood
childhood education service as at 1 July 2003 was 93.5%. 97.4%
centres or home-based education
programmes as a proportion of all
of European students had attended compared with 88.4% of Māori,
3-and 4-year-olds. The measure
83.4% of Pacific peoples, 92.4% of Asians and 88.9% of the ‘Other’
includes all forms of organised and
ethnic group.
sustained centre and home-based
programmes designed to foster
Source: Ministry of Education, note: these figures exclude cases for which
learning and emotional and social
attendance was unknown and differ from those published in The Social Report
development in children. The
2003; cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report 2004
measure overestimates
participation because children
enrolled in more than one early
childhood centre will be double-
counted. Information from an
alternative measure which avoids
3 The use of different cut points for ethnic groups is currently under review by the Ministry of Health.
4 Cole, T.J., Bellizi, M.C., Flegal, K.M., and Dietz, W.H. (2000)
British Medical Journal May 6; 320 (7244): 1240.
33
double counting, showing the
proportion of Year One students
who participated in early childhood
education, is also included.
School leavers with higher
Proportion (%) of school leavers with higher qualifications by ethnic
qualifications
group:
Definition: The proportion of
secondary school leavers who
In 2002, 39% of Māori school leavers and 54% of Pacific school
leave school with Sixth Form
leavers attained Sixth Form Certificate or a higher qualification.
Certificate in at least one subject,
or with a higher qualification.
This compares with 68% of European students and 84% of Asian
students. In 2001, 4% of Māori and Pacific school leavers gained
an A or B Bursary or National Certificate at Level 3 or above,
compared with 22% of European and 41% of Asian school leavers.
Source: Ministry of Education, cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social
Report 2004
Educational attainment of
Proportion (%) of population aged 25-64 with higher qualifications
the adult population
by ethnic group:
Definition: The proportion of adults
aged 25-64 years with educational
In the year ended June 2003, 62% of Māori and 52% of Pacific
attainment of at least upper
adults aged 25-64 held upper secondary qualifications, compared
secondary school level.
to 78% of Europeans and 68% of the ‘Other’ ethnic group.
Similarly, just 6% of Māori and 7% of Pacific adults held a tertiary
qualification at bachelor’s degree level or above, compared to 15%
of Europeans and 32% of the ‘Other’ ethnic group.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Household Labour Force Survey, cited in
Ministry of Social Development, Social Report 2004
Adult literacy skills in
Proportion of adults aged 16-65 years with higher level literacy
English
skills (Level 3 or above), 1996:
Definition: The proportion of the
population aged 16-65 with literacy
Across all three domains of prose literacy, document literacy and
skills in English (defined as prose,
quantitative literacy, over half of all Europeans had literacy skills at
document and quantitative skills at
Level 3 or above), as measured in
Level 3 or above. Pacific peoples consistently had the smallest
the 1996 Adult Literacy Survey
proportions at this level (less than a third in each domain). Māori
(IALS). International Level 3 is a
had a larger proportion than other non-European ethnic groups in
‘suitable minimum for coping with
prose literacy at Level 3 or above but a smaller proportion in the
the demands of everyday life and
document and quantitative literacy domains.
work in a complex, advanced
society. It denotes roughly the skill
level required for successful
Source: Ministry of Education (2001)
More Than Words: The New Zealand Adult
secondary school completion and
Literacy Strategy. Ministry of Education: Wellington; cited in Ministry of Social
college entry’.5 Prose literacy is the Development, Social Report 2004
ability to understand and use
information from texts including
editorials, news stories, brochures
and instruction materials.
Document literacy is the ability to
locate and use information
5 Ministry of Education (2001)
More Than Words: The New Zealand Adult Literacy Strategy. Ministry of Education:
Wellington.
34
contained in formats, including
maps, tables and job application
forms. Quantitative literacy is the
ability to apply arithmetic
operations to numbers embedded
in printed materials, such as
balancing a chequebook or
completing an order form.
Participation in tertiary
Tertiary participation rates (%) by age and sex, Māori, non-Māori,
education
2003:
Definition: The proportion of the
population aged 15 and over
In 2003, 17.5% of Māori participated in tertiary education compared
enrolled on 31 July in formal
with 9.8% of non-Māori. Māori participation in tertiary education is
tertiary education leading to a
recognised New Zealand
higher than non-Māori participation among those under 18 and
qualification. Tertiary education
over 25, but considerably lower than non-Māori participation at the
providers include public institutions
core tertiary education ages of 18-24 years.
(universities, polytechnics, colleges
of education, wananga), and
Source: Ministry of Education; Ministry of Social Development; cited in Ministry
private tertiary education providers
of Social Development, Social Report 2004
receiving government funding or
approval, or registered with the
New Zealand Qualifications
Authority. Qualifications range
from certificates and diplomas to
bachelor and post graduate
degrees.
Paid Work
Unemployment
Unemployment rate by ethnic group in 2003:
Definition: The official
unemployment rate is the number
In 2003, the unemployment rate of Māori was 10.2% compared
of people aged 15 and over who
with 7.7% for Pacific peoples, 3.5% for people of European
are not employed and are actively
seeking and available for paid
ethnicity and 7.2% for the ‘Other’ ethnic group category (which
work, expressed as a percentage
comprises predominantly people of Asian ethnicity and includes
of the total labour force. The
many recent migrants).
labour force is designed as the
population aged 15 and over who
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Household Labour Force Survey, note: average
are either employed or
age for December years; cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report
unemployed (not employed but
2004
actively seeking and available for
paid work).
35
Employment
Employment rate by ethnic group, 2003:
Definition: The proportion of the
population aged 15-64 years who
In 2003, the employment rate of the European only group was
are in paid employment for at least
77.5% compared with 61.7% for Māori and 59.9% for Pacific
one hour per week.
peoples. The employment rate for the ‘Other’ ethnic category has
fallen from being the second highest in the late 1980s to the lowest
since the mid-1990s, reflecting in part the difficulties experienced
by some newer migrants integrating into the New Zealand labour
market.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Household Labour Force Survey, note: based
on population aged 15-64; cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report
2004
Average earnings from
Māori in wage and salary jobs earned $15.44 and hour on average
wage and salary jobs
in June 2003. This was less than European / Pakeha ($18.44 an
Definition: Average hourly earnings
hour) and more than Pacific people ($13.85 an hour). Wage and
from all wages and salaries for
salary earners from other ethnic groups earned on average $17.65
employees earning income from
an hour.
wage and salary jobs, as
measured by the New Zealand
Income Survey.
Source: Statistics New Zealand Income Supplement; cited in Ministry of Social
Development, Social Report 2004
Workplace injury claims
New workplace injury claims, by ethnicity, 2002:
Definition: The number of
workplace accident insurance
Workplace injury claim rates for Māori in 2002 were 175 per 1,000
claims reported to the Accident
FTEs compared with 129 per 1,000 FTEs for Europeans, 125 per
Compensation Corporation per
1,000 full-time equivalent
1,000 FTEs for Pacific peoples and 103 per 1,000 FTEs for the
employees, excluding those
‘Other’ ethnic group.
employees who received accident
and emergency treatment only.
Source: Statistics new Zealand (2003)
Injury Statistics 2001/2002: Work-related
injuries. Statistics new Zealand: Wellington; cited in Ministry of Social
Development, Social Report 2004
Satisfaction with work / life Levels of satisfaction with work / life balance by ethnicity, 2004:
balance
Definition: The proportion of
65% of Pacific peoples reported they were either satisfied or very
employed people who are
satisfied with their work / life balance compared with 63% of people
‘satisfied’ or ‘very satisfied’ with
of European ethnicity, 55% of Māori and 56% of Other ethnicities.
their work/life balance, as reported
in the Social Wellbeing Survey
2004.6
Source: Ministry of Social Development (2004)
Social Wellbeing Survey.
www.socialreport.govt.nz; cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report
2004
6 The Ministry of Social Development Commissioned the Social Wellbeing Survey in early 2004 in order to be able to
report on a number of the new indicators used in the Social Report 2004. The methodology, results and data from the
survey are available at the Social Report website: www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz.
36
Economic Standard of Living
Population with low
Proportion of population with net-of-housing-cost incomes below
incomes
the 60% line (benchmarked to 1998 median)
Definition: The proportion of the
Sub-heading: Economic families (based on ethnicity):
population in economic family units
with equivalent income net of
In 2000, 32.0% of economic families with any Māori adult lived with
housing cost below three
net-of-housing-cost incomes below the 60% line compared with
thresholds (low, medium, and
high). The measures take account
40.0% for economic families with any Pacific adult, 35.6% with any
of incomes, housing costs and
‘Other’ ethnic group adult and 18.7% with any European / Pakeha
family size and are adjusted for
adult.
inflation and taxes. The thresholds
are 40%, 50%, and 60% of 1998
Source: Derived from Statistics New Zealand Household Economic Survey, by
median equivalent net-of-housing-
Ministry of Social Development; cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social
cost family incomes.
Report 2004
Population with low living
Proportion of population and economic families with lower living
standards
standards (ELSI Levels 1-3), 2000
Definition: The proportion of the
Sub-heading: Economic families (based on ethnicity):
population with a ‘somewhat
restricted’, ‘restricted’, and ‘very
In 2000, 39% of economic families with any Māori members had
restricted’ standard of living: Levels lower living standards compared with 42% of economic families
1-3 of the Economic Living
Standard Index.
with any Pacific members, 15% with any European / Pakeha
members and 22% with any ‘Other’ ethnic group members.
Source: Krishnan, V., Jensen, J. and Ballantyne, S. (2002)
New Zealand Living
Standards 2000 Centre for Social Research and Evaluation, Ministry of Social
Development: Wellington; cited in Ministry of Social Development, Social Report
2004
Housing affordability
Proportion of households with housing cost outgoings-to-income
Definition: The proportion of
ratio greater than 30%, by ethnic group:
households and the proportion of
people within households spending
For households with at least one Māori adult, the proportion of
more than 30% of their income on
housing costs in excess of 30% was 32% in 2001 and 43% for
housing.
households with at least one Pacific adult.
Source: Statistics New Zealand Household Economic Survey, Ministry of Social
Development, note: the weightings of the records in the sample have been
revised for all years since The Social Report 2001; cited in Ministry of Social
Development, Social Report 2004
Household crowding
Proportion of population living in households requiring additional
Definition: The proportion of the
bedrooms, by ethnic group, 2001:
population living in crowded
housing (ie requiring one or more
In 2001, a total of 43% of Pacific peoples lived in households
additional bedrooms, as defined by
requiring extra bedrooms compared with 25% of other ethnic
the Canadian Crowding Index).
groups, 23% of Māori, 20% of Asians and 5% of European New
Zealanders.
Source: Statistics New Zealand (1998)
New Zealand Now: Young New
Zealanders. Statistics New Zealand: Wellington; cited in Ministry of Social
Development, Social Report 2004
37
6. Racial Harassment, Abuse and Discrimination
Anecdotal evidence and newspaper reports continue to indicate that some ethnic groups suffer
harassment and abuse in the streets and elsewhere, ranging from derogatory remarks to verbal
and physical abuse. Among reported incidents in 2004 were:
• Asian students being attacked in Christchurch (
Christchurch Press, 3 April).
• Skinheads taunting and attacking a group of Somali youth in Wellington
(Dominion Post, 12
May).
• Security guards threatening groups of Māori youth with trespass notices in a Hamilton mall
(Waiakto Times, 18 May).
• Attacks on migrants in Palmerston North by suspected National Front members
(Manawatu
Standard, 30 June).
• Desecration of Jewish graves in the Bolton Street and Makara cemeteries in Wellington and in
Wanganui (July/August).
• Racist taunts against a Fijian Indian owner driver by staff at a rail depot in Hamilton
Waiakto
Times,7 August).
• Letters including pieces of pork sent to Muslim families in Wellington (September).
• An attack on three Asian students in New Plymouth and on the Māori community leader who
sought to intervene
(Taranaki Daily News, 1 October).
• An attack on Asian students at Mission Bay in Auckland
(East Bays Courier, 6 October).
The emergence of a small National Front group in Christchurch and Wellington led to pro-harmony
demonstrations by ethnic groups and other concerned citizens in Christchurch in May and
Wellington in September. Police made an arrest in the case of the hate mail to Muslim families and
the attack on Somali youth, but many other incidents were either not formally reported to the Police
or investigations have been unsuccessful. The Police do not keep separate statistics relating to
ethnicity for reported racial offences, treating them as complaints alongside others relating to
offences under the Summary Offences and Crimes Acts.
6.1 Police Ethnic Strategy
During 2004 the Police consulted with ethnic communities on a strategy for working together with
ethnic communities, to complement existing strategies for working with Māori –
Haere Whakamua:
Moving Forward and Pacific peoples, the
Police Pacific Peoples Responsiveness Strategy. The
strategy foresees improved relationships, increased ethnic recruitment, training for police and
focused policing to deter offences of inciting racial disharmony and other race relations offences.
Its desired outcomes are that police have the capability and capacity to engage with ethnic
communities and that culturally appropriate strategies are implemented with ethnic communities
that increase community safety, prevent and reduce crime, road trauma and victimisation. The
strategy identifies the need to identify and understand ethnic related victimisation issues, and to
improve Police knowledge and skills to deter violence motivated by racism, racial discrimination
and related intolerance.
6.2 Holocaust Revisionist David Irving
There was considerable controversy over whether British holocaust revisionist David Irving should
be allowed to enter New Zealand to address the National Press Club. The debate centered on
issues of freedom of expression versus the widespread unacceptability of his views. In the event,
the Immigration Service determined in August that he would not be allowed entry to New Zealand
38
on the technical grounds that he had been deported from another country, namely Canada, and he
was prevented from boarding a flight to New Zealand in Los Angeles.
6.3 Inquiry into Hate Speech
In August, the Government Administration Select Committee announced it would hold an inquiry
into 'hate speech'. The terms of reference for the inquiry are to consider:
• Whether or not further legislation to prohibit or restrain hate speech is warranted.
• Whether censorship of material that vilifies certain groups would be a justified limitation on the
rights and freedoms affirmed by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.
• An appropriate threshold test for prohibition or restraint of hate speech.
• Whether any prohibition or restraint of hate speech or hateful expressions would be a justified
limitation on the rights and freedoms outlined in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.
• The steps taken by the international community to control hate speech and hateful expressions.
Submissions closed in October and hearings will be conducted in 2005.
6.4 Complaints about racial discrimination and related issues
New Zealand ratified the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination in 1972. The Convention requires signatories to have an effective mechanism for
addressing instances of racism and racial discrimination7. In New Zealand this obligation was dealt
with by introducing the Race Relations Act 1971.
Under the Race Relations Act 1971 complaints of discrimination on the grounds of race, colour or
ethnic or national origin were resolved through conciliation provided by the Office of the Race
Relations Conciliator. When the Human Rights Commission Act 1977 was passed a number of
changes were also made to the Race Relations Act 1971. These included making the Conciliator a
member of the Human Rights Commission, which allowed him to take civil proceedings to the
Equal Opportunities Tribunal.
In 1993 both Acts were replaced by a single Human Rights Act. Complaints about race continued
to be administered by the Conciliator, but rather than conciliation the process for dealing with
complaints now involved investigation followed by referral to an internal Complaints Division. The
Complaints Division consisted of three Commissioners and the Race Relations Conciliator and
formed an opinion on whether the complaints had substance. If the Complaints Division was of the
opinion the matter had substance, an attempt was made to settle the complaint. If either party was
dissatisfied with the outcome, they could take the matter to the Complaints Review Tribunal.
The Human Rights Amendment Act 2001 amalgamated the Race Relations Office and the Human
Rights Commission and introduced the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act standard of compliance for
the public sector. The role of Race Relations Conciliator ceased to exist and the position of Race
Relations Commissioner was created. Complainants now have the right to take their complaint to
the Human Rights Review Tribunal but almost without exception complainants choose to use the
Commission’s Dispute Resolution Service in an attempt to resolve their complaint. The
Commission’s Dispute Resolution Service provides an alternative disputes system similar to that
provided by the Employment Relations Service. Options for resolving disputes include self-help,
7 Art.2 of ICERD also requires ratifying states to provide for special measures to ensure “the development and protection of certain racial groups or
individuals belonging to them for the purpose of guaranteeing them the full and equal enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms”.
39
provision of information, informal intervention and mediation. Settlement of disputes is usually
confidential and restricted to those involved. When complaints cannot be resolved through the
disputes process, complainants can take the matter to the Director of the Office of Human Rights
Proceedings. The Director can consider the matter further in an attempt to settle it or decide
whether to issue proceedings in the Human Rights Review Tribunal.
The Commission also provides an Infoline service, which acts as a sounding board and provides
information for people concerned about matters relating to human rights. The inquiries generated
through Infoline inform the Commission’s education function and provide an indication of the level
of public concern in particular areas. The issues that generated the most interest over this period
included the debate over the foreshore and seabed, targeted programmes and comment by
talkback hosts and controversial political figures.
During 2004 the Commission recorded 1,222 complaints relating to the 13 grounds of
discrimination. 304 were classified as race complaints, i.e. attributable to race, colour or ethnic or
national origin.8 The Director of Human Rights Proceedings was asked to consider providing
representation in 17 cases relating to race, of which four are still being assessed. Although no
complaints were lodged by the Director with the Human Rights Review Tribunal during 2004, the
Tribunal considered an application to strike out a complaint related to race initiated by a
complainant: Bissett v Peters, concerning a pamphlet issued by the New Zealand First Party.
This data is not a complete record of discrimination over this period. There are a number of other
agencies which have responsibility for dealing with complaints that overlap with the Commission’s
function. The most obvious is the Employment Relations Service which deals with employment
matters, but the Tenancy Tribunal deals with complaints relating to accommodation, Youth Law
with complaints from young people and the Ombudsman deals with some of the issues raised by
prison inmates. There are also limitations in the Commission’s own data. For example, it is not
possible to obtain disaggregated data across complainants and complaint types as the information
is either not provided or cannot be obtained, making it difficult to identify who are the main ethnic
groups complaining and any patterns emerging.
Human Rights in New Zealand Today identified
the need for developing an evaluative framework for the available data that would allow a coherent
national picture to be obtained. Hopefully, this report is a first step towards achieving that.
Employment Of the 304 complaints, 64 or 16 percent related to employment and pre-employment. The
remainder were complaints about racial harassment. A number of these complaints were
significant enough for the recipients to take industrial action, or in two cases, resign. At least one
complainant gave victimisation as a reason for not continuing with his complaint. Although
research9 and evidence from Infoline suggests that new migrants and refugees experience difficulty
in obtaining employment this is not reflected in the complaints data. There are a number of
possibilities for why this is so, including that the review of the complaints coincided with a period of
relatively low unemployment, the possibility of accessing other complaints mechanisms and, at
least among refugees, lack of awareness of the mechanisms for complaining, language difficulties
8 Some complaints received by the Commission involve more than one ground of discrimination in the Human Rights Act and can create disparities
in complaints figures.
9
Migrants’ experiences – Longitudinal Survey DOL (2000);
Employment Experiences of Sri Lankan Migrants in New Zealand A Basayake (1999); P
Spoonley
The Labour Market Incorporation of Immigrants in Post-Welfare New Zealand (2003
); Human Rights in New Zealand Today, Human
Rights Commission (2004)
40
or because of a belief that lodging a complaint may affect their residency status or ability to
sponsor family members10.
Racial harassment
There were 60 complaints (15 percent) relating to racial harassment. Complaints of racial
harassment can be difficult to sustain since the material or comment complained of must not only
be hurtful or offensive but repeated, or of such significance, that it has a detrimental effect on the
person it is directed at. Racial harassment in the workplace made up 37 percent of the complaints
of racial harassment and was often unprovoked and related to stereotypes. One complaint resulted
in a payment of $12,000 as compensation for the humiliation suffered by the complainant.
Goods and Services
There were 52 complaints (13 percent) involving the provision of goods and services. A number of
complaints against business organisations were based on people’s perception that they were
treated in a discriminatory manner when purchasing goods or seeking a service. Most were
resolved by low level intervention, bringing the parties together to demonstrate how their behaviour
was perceived by the other. Two of the complaints were from people wearing moko who were
refused admittance to a bar or restaurant. In one case the complainant was turned away because
the publican considered that his tattoo would intimidate other customers.
Language related complaints
There were 17 complaints (4.3 percent) involving language. These ranged from employers
disciplining employees for using the greeting kia ora or preventing employees from speaking
languages other than English, concern about the use of the words “pom” or Pakeha, to language
difficulties experienced by new migrants. Two complaints related to the complainants’ belief that
although an official language, the use of Māori was not recognised in practice. For example, the
refusal to honour a cheque written in Māori.
Accommodation
There were six complaints (1.5 percent) concerning accommodation. This is unlikely to reflect the
true extent of discrimination in this area. There is evidence that some vulnerable groups continue
to suffer discrimination in accessing suitable accommodation.11 Although it could not be
substantiated, one of the complainants believed that her race and status as a single mother were
held against her in obtaining accommodation. Two complaints related to Indian people being
refused motel accommodation because the owners thought that they might cook curry in their
room.
Education
There were seven complaints (1.7 percent) about education facilities. Of the seven, two involved
the suspension of Pacific Island students following fights in the playground between groups of
students. In both cases, it was alleged that only the Pacific students were suspended while the
Pakeha students were permitted to continue attending school. The complaints were discontinued
10 L Chile
The Imported Underclass: Poverty and Social Exclusion of Black African Refugees in Aotearoa New Zealand (2002)
11
Human Rights in New Zealand Today, 239;
Refugee Voices: A Journey towards Resettlement (DOL) 122,
Racism & Rental Accommodation Race
Relations Office (1991);
No Longer Available: A Study of Racial Discrimination in Private Rental Accommodation Race Relations Office (1986)
41
because of lack of corroboration.
Human Rights in New Zealand Today12 identified the need to
redress the higher stand-down, suspension, exclusion and expulsion rates of Māori and Pacific
students.
Disputes between individuals (neighbourhood harassment) There were 20 complaints (5 percent) relating to incidents of harassment by neighbours or passers
by. Disputes such as this which involve taunts and racial invective can be difficult to deal with since
the complaints usually don’t fall within an area covered by the Human Rights Act 1993. If such
complaints are particularly hurtful to the complainant, the matter is referred to a community
constable.
Exciting racial disharmony
There were 46 complaints (11 percent) relating to exciting racial disharmony. There are always a
significant number of these complaints. During 2004 none were pursued through the formal
complaints process although other options were suggested in some cases or alternatives made
available to complainants. During this period, none of the complaints to the Broadcasting
Standards Authority and the Advertising Standards Authority were upheld and only one was
pursued by the Press Council.
The Human Rights Commission also made a submission to the Human Rights Review Tribunal on
the relevant provision, section 61: Bissett v Peters. The case involved a pamphlet that had been
distributed by New Zealand First which the complainant considered to breach section 61.
Special Measures
There were nine complaints (2.8 percent) about special measures. A further 30 complaints related
to a WINZ programme and were classified as falling within Part 1A. Most of the complaints related
to the perception that Māori were unfairly privileged in the provision of services delivered by
government agencies but as most of the programmes were designed to redress demonstrated
inequalities, they could be justified as a reasonable limitation under s.5 of the New Zealand Bill of
Rights Act 1990.
Stereotypes
There were ten complaints (2.5 percent) about stereotypes. During the consultation for
Human
Rights in New Zealand Today the incidence of racism, racial discrimination and racial stereotyping
was identified as a significant issue.13 Among the complaints that could be attributed to negative
stereotypic assumptions, those that stood out included the two complaints by Indian families
refused accommodation because it was assumed that they would cook curry in their rooms; the
Indian supermarket customers who were thought to be purchasing goods on special to “on sell” at
corner dairies; a complaint by a young Muslim that he had been taunted at work about being a
terrorist; and a Māori woman who was asked at an interview how much time she would take off
work to attend tangi.
12 At 279
13 At 334
42
Part 1A complaints against public sector agencies There were 83 complaints (21 percent) against public agencies. Of these, 30 related to a scheme
in which a bonus for WINZ employees was calculated by allocating three points for placing Māori in
work, two for placing Pacific people and one for Pakeha. Ten complaints involved allegations of
mistreatment by the police which complainants believed could be attributed to their race or
ethnicity. There were also four complaints by prison inmates, three of which were referred to the
Department of Corrections because they involved issues relating to the administration of the
prison, and one about the behaviour of individual police officers which was referred to the Police
Complaints Authority.
There were seven complaints about the abatement of NZ superannuation as a result of the
recipients’ receipt of an overseas pension.14 A small number of complaints related to the
Foreshore and Seabed legislation although complainants were advised that their complaints would
not succeed as the Bill had not been enacted.
14 This is an ongoing issue despite the inability of the Commission to pursue such matters as complaints: Tetley-Jones v Chief Executive of WINZ
CIV 2004-485-1005
43
Conclusion
By Joris de Bres, Race Relations Commissioner
When we look back over the past year, it is hard to look beyond the controversy surrounding the
foreshore and seabed and aspects of the race relations debate. As this report notes, these issues
will no doubt be revisited in the forthcoming general election, both in the Māori seats and in the
general seats, alongside the issues of Māori economic and social development. Inherent in that
debate will be the longstanding question of how the indigenous minority can best engage with a
government that also has its eye on the concerns of the non-Māori majority, and how indigenous
people’s rights can best be protected and advanced in such a context.
In speaking of the forthcoming election, the President of the New Zealand Federation of Ethnic
Councils recently said that when he gets up at 6.30 in the morning he always sees himself in the
mirror. This year, he is going to get up three minutes earlier, before he is fully awake, so that he
can see himself as he is, because when he looks in the mirror at 6.30 he expects to see a political
football. We can only hope that all people’s dignity and identity, their mana, will be respected in
the election campaign.
As
Race Relations in 2004 demonstrates, there were many other significant developments, apart
from the general debate on the foreshore and seabed and race relations, over the past year:
• The Human Rights Commission completed a year long research and consultation project with
the publication of a landmark report on
Human Rights in New Zealand Today: Nga Tika
Tangata O Te Motu, which surveys New Zealand’s performance in the fields of both human
rights and race relations. It will be followed shortly by the release of a New Zealand Action Plan
for Human Rights:
Mana ki te Tangata.
• There were at least 14 books published on the Treaty and related issues, and there were many
workshops and educational programmes on the Treaty.
• The Waitangi Tribunal issued reports on three major inquiries covering 90 claims: on Mohaka ki
Ahuriri (Hawkes Bay), Te Raupatu o Tauranga Moana (Tauranga) and Turanga Tangata
Turanga Whenua (Gisborne). The Tribunal also progressed six other major inquiries covering a
further 200 claims, as well as reporting on urgent inquiries including the foreshore and seabed
proposals.
• The Office of Treaty Settlements recognised four negotiating mandates, agreed on six terms of
negotiation, signed two agreements in principle (Te Aupouri and Te Roroa) and two Deeds of
Settlement (Te Arawa Lakes and Ngati Mutunga). Two settlement Bills (Ngati Awa and Ngati
Tuwharetoa ki Kawerau) were introduced to Parliament.
• Parliament approved the Māori Fisheries Act and the Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims
Settlement Act.
• Māori Television went to air, addressing one of the outstanding issues arising from the Te Reo
Māori claim in 1987.
• There were developments in terms of language policy, including a highly successful Māori
Language Week, a new initiative to stem and reverse the flow of Pacific language loss in New
44
Zealand, increased funding for English for speakers of other languages, and an expanded
Language Line telephone interpreter service.
• The Government provided significant funding for a New Zealand Settlement Strategy to assist
new migrants to settle and integrate more successfully into New Zealand society.
• The Government agreed to revisit, review and renew the 1962 New Zealand Samoa Treaty of
Friendship to address concerns raised in a petition to Parliament signed by 10,000 Samoans.
• There were developments in relation to national identity and cultural diversity, including the
establishment of a Select Committee to undertake a stocktake on New Zealand’s constitutional
arrangements, the establishment of a Chinese Heritage Trust, and the building of the Fale
Pasifika at Auckland University.
• Following the desecration of Jewish cemeteries in July and August, community leaders met at
Parliament and adopted the New Zealand Diversity Action Programme.
Race Relations in 2004 also provides an analysis of race-related complaints received by the
Human Rights Commission, draws together some statistics relating to civil, political, social,
economic and cultural rights for different ethnic groups in New Zealand, and a survey of race
relations research conducted in 2004.
The past year has left us with many things we can be proud of, along with some darker moments of
racial prejudice, discrimination and harassment, some serious unfinished business, and some
longer term challenges. Among those challenges are:
• The need to affirm a sense of belonging or
turangawaewae for all people in New Zealand
through the development of an inclusive national identity that embraces our Māori, Pakeha,
Pacific, Asian and many other community identities.
• The need to increase awareness that human rights and responsibilities are important for all
New Zealanders as the essential foundation for our democracy and healthy community
relationships.
• The continuing urgent need to address the barriers to the full enjoyment of civil, political, social,
economic and cultural rights by Māori and Pacific peoples and some other ethnic groups.
• The need to revisit the question of a national languages policy covering the full range of
language issues including te reo Māori, Pacific languages, community heritage languages,
English for migrants, literacy, foreign languages and interpreter services.
• The need to continue public education and debate on the contemporary relevance of the Treaty
of Waitangi, the nature of indigenous rights and our evolving national identity.
• The need for the media to reflect and promote the diversity of our peoples and to avoid
stereotypical reporting.
• The need for greater coordination between the many organisations that contribute to the
realisation of human rights and harmonious relationships, through such mechanisms as the
New Zealand Diversity Action Programme, the Human Rights Commission’s Framework for
45
Equal Employment Opportunities, the New Zealand Action Plan for Human Rights and national
and local settlement strategies.
• The need for better coordination between different agencies dealing with race-related
complaints to achieve consistent recording and reporting of complaints, and to increase public
understanding of their rights and avenues for complaint.
• The need to develop objective outcomes, measures and consistent data for race relations and
racial equality to inform policy development.
• The need for a more strategic and coordinated approach to research on race relations in New
Zealand, and to connect the many researchers in this field.
Early in 2004, Dame Joan Metge delivered the second annual
Waitangi Rua Rau Tau lecture
organised by the F.I.R.S.T. Foundation in association with the New Zealand Māori Council, Radio
New Zealand and Massey University. Waitangi Rua Rau Tau (the Waitangi Bicentenary) was
launched by the New Zealand Māori Council in 2001 for Māori, individually and collectively, to set
long-term goals, monitor, evaluate and respond to them. It is a commitment by the Māori Council to
develop a programme to rebuild harmonious relationships between Māori and Pakeha, culminating
in the bi-centennial of the nation in 2040.
Dame Joan chose the image of traditional Māori rope making,
te taura whiri as a metaphor for
nation-building in New Zealand. She identified three strands of rope that represented “firstly, the
unique contribution of the Māori people; secondly, celebration of the ethnic diversity within our
population; and thirdly, a sense of belonging to the land and each other, that is, a strong national
identity”.
“Nation-building, like rope-making, involves skill, co-operation and continuous hard work. As
a nation we are at last beginning to recognise the enrichment and strength that comes from
weaving many diverse strands together.
But the task of creating a unique national identity is an on-going one. In working to forge a
unique national identity, let us concentrate on achieving the inclusion of all our ethnic
groups, large and small, celebrating our diversity instead of homogenising all that richness,
and fostering positive interaction, gift exchange and cross fertilisation, instead of calls to or
accusations of separatism and division.
At Waitangi on 6 February 1840, Colenso tells us, Lieutenant-Governor Hobson said to
each rangatira who signed the Treaty: 'He iwi tahi tatou'. Presumably he was coached by
somebody, probably Henry Williams. Colenso translated this into English as 'We are now
one people'. In doing so, he overlooked three subtle points. First, the word 'iwi' means
'nation' as well as 'people'. Secondly, if Hobson meant 'one people' he should have said 'he
iwi kotahi'; 'tahi' without the prefix 'ko' means 'together'. Thirdly, the last word, 'tatou',
certainly means the first person plural, 'we/us', but it is a special form, one without an
equivalent in English. Use of 'tatou' signals the fact that the 'we' in question comprises two
or more distinct groups. This short sentence in Māori packs in a lot of meaning. A fuller
English translation would be: 'We two peoples together make a nation.' 'He iwi tahi tatou' still
has application in today's world, but now we can give it a wider interpretation: 'We many
peoples together make a nation.”
46
The challenge of the New Zealand Māori Council’s
Waitangi Rua Rau Tau initiative is to lift our
vision to the bicentenary of the signing of the Treaty in 35 years time. In so doing, we can cast our
minds back over the past 35 years, to 1970, and realise how much can and does change in such a
time span.
In 1970, Māori and Pakeha were just beginning to come to terms with the Māori urban migration,
which brought us face to face in a new environment. We were concerned about apartheid in South
Africa, particularly sporting contacts. We were concerned about New Zealand’s immigration policy
discriminating against non-Europeans, and there were only very small numbers of Pacific Island
and Asian New Zealanders. Māori language was not taught in our schools, there were no kohanga
reo, kura kaupapa or wananga, and Māori was not an official language. There were no Māori
radio stations or Māori television, and few Māori health and social service providers. There was no
Waitangi Tribunal to consider Māori grievances. Māori had little say in resource management
processes, and there was no Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission. Few New Zealanders had
heard of the Chinese New Year, Diwali, Matariki, or Ramadan. Waitangi Day was publicly marked
only at Waitangi and it was not yet a public holiday. There was no such thing as Te Matatini, the
national Māori performing arts festival, or Auckland’s annual Pasifika Festival. There was no Te
Papa to showcase our diversity, and no Waka Toi and Pacific Arts programme to foster the
indigenous arts of New Zealand and the Pacific. The notion of assimilation of Māori to the
predominant Pakeha culture was still a driving force in politics. There was no mechanism for
complaints about discrimination, with the Office of the Race Relations Conciliator not being
established until 1972.
It can reasonably be assumed that New Zealand will again be a very different place 35 years from
now. The demographic change is already evident in our schools. The multicultural school children
of today will be the nation’s leaders in 2040. What we all do over the next decade will determine
just what sort of nation they will have inherited when we mark the bicentenary of the signing of the
Treaty in 2040.
The race relations strategy in the New Zealand Action Plan for Human rights is a pointer in that
direction.
Human Rights in New Zealand Today provide a baseline and a starting point against
which to measure our progress.
Race Relations in 2004 will also hopefully serve as a starting point
for a discussion on how to effectively measure harmonious race relations, the realisation of human
rights and racial equality in New Zealand. It is my hope that all New Zealand organisations and
individual New Zealanders of all ethnicities will respond to the Māori Council’s challenge and start
to think now about what sort of nation we want New Zealand to be 200 years after the signing of
the Treaty, and then to measure our present actions in the light of that vision of the future.
47
Appendix 1
A Survey of Selected Race Relations Research in New Zealand in 2004
Compiled by Leonie Moxon, Centre for Applied Cross-cultural Research, Victoria University of Wellington, as part of
the Centre's contribution to the New Zealand Diversity Action Programme.
The following material was compiled on the basis of enquiries sent to New Zealand researchers and the search of
electronic databases. It is by no means an exhaustive list; but it does provide a general overview of some of the
current issues being studied and the broad categories that can be distinguished. A list of projects and their
descriptions are presented, followed by outputs – including research papers, conference items, book chapters and
theses.
1.
PROJECTS
Various projects have been conducted in 2004, some of which are ongoing. Summarised selections of the types of
projects initiated are as follows:
Race Relations Conciliators Oral History Project.
An oral history of the Race Relations Office, conducted by the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, was deposited at the
Alexander Turnbull Library in October 2004. It covers the period 1972 to 2001, and has seven interviews with former
Race Relations Conciliators and key staff about important cases they handled, the focus of their term, and the day-to-
day running of the Office. Interviewees are: Ken Mason, Pita Sharples, Hiwi Tauroa, Walter Hirsch, Chris Laidlaw,
John Clarke and Rajen Prasad.
Statistics
Statistics New Zealand has an ongoing programme of statistical research. In 2004 they produced a report on language
retention,
Concerning Language, and a
Report on the Review of the Measurement of Ethnicity.
Strangers in Town: Enhancing Family and Community in a More Diverse New Zealand Society (2002-2008).
A six-year research programme to assess new ways of understanding how people from diverse backgrounds moving
into new communities can enhance their well-being and social life within those communities.
Objectives of the research are identified:
1.
Building knowledge on family and community dimensions of mobility.
2.
Applying knowledge on family and community dimensions of mobility.
The first two years of the research focused on the Somali community in Hamilton. Subsequent research includes a
series of studies on Māori migration, immigrants in rural regions and general studies of discrimination against new
immigrants.
Relevant outputs relating to this research will be covered in the next section.
Contacts: The programme Leader is Professor Richard Bedford, with Dr Elsie Ho and Associate Professor Bernard
Guerin as the two objective Leaders.
AUT Pacific Islands Families Research Team
The first comprehensive longitudinal study of Pacific Island families, commenced in December 2000. The aim is to
provide information to set targets for health as well as the cultural, economic, environmental and psychosocial factors
associated with positive and negative family functioning.
Contacts: Project lead by Dr Janis Paterson and Dr Teuila Percival.
New Demographic Directions Programme (1996-2004)
This extended project looks at New Zealand’s recent demographic and socio-economic transformations between 1998
and 2002. From this, the research team is building a new programme of research on New Zealand’s population future.
Aspects of international migration to and from New Zealand were explored in the last twelve months. This includes:
globalisation, policy responses to skills shortages, return migrant behaviour of New Zealanders and migrant behaviour
of families from northeast Asia and Africa.
Contacts: Professor Ian Pool, Dr Dharmalingam and Professor Richard Bedford.
48
Projects relating to indigenous issues:
The Race Relations and Cultural Relations Group at Massey University look at discursive constructions of ‘race’ issues
in Aotearoa. The race and cultural relations group collaborates with trans-Tasman and international researchers
bringing attention to the impact of everyday language use on cultural identity. Recent research outputs can be found
under the ‘Indigenous Rights’ section.
Contacts: Dr Keith Tuffin and Dr Karen Frewin.
Refugees and new migrant projects:
Migrants’ Experiences of New Zealand: Pilot Survey report for Longitudinal Immigration Survey: New Zealand
(LisNZ)
This report presents findings for the LisNZ pilot study, conducted through the Department of Labour. The main survey
will interview migrants in NZ at 6 months after arrival, 18 months and 26 months.
Contacts: Stephen Dunstan, Sharon Boyd and Sarah Crichton.
Interventions for refugee children in New Zealand schools: models, methods, and best practice
This review examines the literature on refugee trauma, loss and grief and second language concerns among other
issues and discusses a range of best practice in working with refugee children within the school system.
Contacts: Richard J. Hamilton, Angelika Anderson, Kaaren Frater-Mathieson, Shawn Lowen, and Dennis W. Moore
(Research Centre for Interventions in teaching and learning (RCITL), University of Auckland.
Refugee Voices
Longitudinal project carried out by the Department of Labour consisting of interviews with 398 recently arrived and
established refugees. The report highlights important issues for refugees.
Contacts: Labour Department researchers, Stephen Dunstan, Roz Dibley and Phillipa Shorland.
Education projects:
Pacific Peoples and Tertiary Education: Issues of Participation
This research focused on participation patterns of Pacific students in tertiary education and barriers to their
participation. The Ministry of Education carried out the project.
Picking up the Pace
This Ministry of Education project concerns strengthening education in literacy in decile 1 schools in Mangere and
Otara. The purpose is to raise achievement significantly in these two communities.
Aspirations of Rurally Disadvantaged Māori Youth for their Transition from Secondary School to Further
Education or Training and Work
This research looks at the aspirations of rural Māori youth in terms of their further education or training. The research
was conducted within four schools in the northern Waikato region and is a project initiated out of the Department of
Labour. Contact: Sally Steedman.
Review and Evaluation of International Literature on Managing Cultural Diversity in the Classroom
This project comprised a review of the international literature on cultural difference in teaching, learning and
intercultural communication in the multicultural classroom. The purpose of the project was in formulating guidelines for
managing cultural diversity in the classroom. Contacts: Dr Elsie Ho, Dr Prue Holmes and Jenine Cooper.
Projects relating to International Students
Intercultural Contact Action Research Project
This project tests the ‘contact’ hypothesis and whether cross-cultural relations are improved when contact is fostered
between New Zealand born students and international students. It also aims to practically help Asian international
students’ to adapt to New Zealand through this increased contact. Throughout the different phases of this research
various methods were used to practically apply psychological theories with the intention to provide valuable
knowledge for all academic administrators. Contacts: Dr James Liu and Xiaorong Gao
49
Development of the Peer Support Programme and Associated Activities to Meet the Needs of International
Students in Schools
Auckland University carried out a research study in July 2004 regarding the development and evaluation of peer
group-based resources to meet the pastoral needs of international students. This was conducted in selected New
Zealand Secondary Schools. This research was prepared by the Pastoral Care for Overseas-Born Students
Research Project Team in the School of Education. Contact: Dr Hans Everts .
Interactions with International Students (2004-2005)
This study examines how local communities, including businesses interact with or perceive international students.
Focus groups will also be conducted to elicit stories and experiences from staff relating to teaching international
students. The purpose of this research is to come up with a set of guidelines to help with cross-cultural interactions and
how to integrate international students into local communities. Contacts: Dr Elsie Ho of Waikato University along with
Dr Prue Homes from the Department of Management Communication and Jenine Cooper from the Migration Research
Group.
Perceptions of International Students
The project examines attitudes toward and interactions with international students via surveys of New Zealand
students in secondary and tertiary institutions and teachers in secondary and tertiary institutions and language
schools. It also includes a national telephone survey to tap attitudes on the general public. The project is funded by
the export education levy. Contact: Professor Colleen Ward, Email: [email address]
Projects relating to the work environment
Chinese Leadership Styles in New Zealand
This is a project that investigates to what extent leadership styles common in Chinese business environments are
found in New Zealand organisations and how employees react to these leadership styles. Contact: Dr Ron Fischer.
Perceptions of Minority Job Applicants
This study investigated how European New Zealand students rate CV’s of Māori, Chinese and European New
Zealand job applicants varying along different skill, competency and need levels. It is found that Māori are preferred
over European New Zealanders and Chinese applicants, if they are highly competent and equal to other job
applicants. The knowledge of Māori is seen as particularly crucial for hiring decisions. Contact: Dr Ron Fischer.
2. RESEARCH OUTPUTS – ARTICLES, CONFERENCES AND BOOK CHAPTERS
Racial Discrimination
Butcher, A., Spoonley, P., & Trlin, A. (2004). Settling and being accepted: immigrant perceptions and discrimination
in New Zealand. Paper presented at “New Directions: New Settler: Responding to contemporary Migration
Challenges”, 19-21 April, Victoria University of Wellington.
De Souza, R (2004). A panel discussion: Discrimination. Presented at the First National Refugee Research
Symposium, 1 October, Auckland. (National Institute for Public Health and Mental Health Research
Division of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies Faculty of health – Auckland University of Technology).
Guerin, B., (assisted by: Diiriye, R. O., Donnel, A., P., Guerin, P., Veelenturf, S., Wood, E. (2004).Conceptual
research on re-thinking ‘racism’, with the goals of making interventions more specific to different forms of
racism and discrimination. Waikato University.
Guerin, B (2004). Combating racially discriminating practices without assuming racists or racism: New interventions
from a situational analysis. Paper under review by journal.
Guerin, B (2004) Discrimination: Refugees and residents. Paper presented at the 1st New Zealand Refugee
Research Conference, Auckland, September, 2004.
Guerin, B (2004) Strangers in Town: Listening to both sides of discrimination. Paper given at the “New Directions:
New Settlers: New Challenges” end-users meeting, Wellington, April.
Guerin, B (2004). Sampling community discourses as a method for assessing ‘public opinion’. Language and
Society Conference, Palmerston North, September.
Guerin, B., Guerin, P. B., Diiriye, R. O., & Abdi, A. (2004).
Living in a close community: The everyday life of Somali
refugees. Network: Journal of the Australian College of Community Psychologists, 16, 7-17.
50
Ward, C., & Masgoret, A.-M. (2004, August). Discrimination against immigrants seeking employment: Facto or
fiction? New Zealand Psychological Society, Wellington.
Ward, C., & Masgoret, A.-M. (April, 2004). New Zealanders' attitudes toward immigrants and immigration. New
Directions, New Settlers, New Challenges: Foundation for Research, Science, & Technology's End-users'
Seminar on Migration, Wellington, New Zealand.
Wood, E. (2004). PhD thesis research on the ethnic and racist aspects of the ‘bullying’ phenomena. Waikato
University.
International Students
Judging from the large response from researchers regarding their work on international students and cultural
diversity within the classroom, this appears to be an area of considerable current interest.
Baker, T., Isaac, M., Li, M., Marshall, K., (2004). Learning Expectations of different ethnic groups: An exploration.
Better Business through Education. The New Zealand Applied Business Education Conference, 28-30
September, 2004, Te Papa, Wellington.
Holmes, J. (2004). Complaints and refusals in the workplace – some implications for ESL teaching. Presentation to
Contrastive Linguistics and Grammar MA course, staff and postgraduate students Ludwig-Maxililian
Univeristy, Munich, April.
Ho, E. S., Holmes, P., & Cooper, J. (2004). Review and Evaluation of International Literature on Managing Cultural
Diversity in the Classroom.
Ho, E., Cooper, J & Homes, P. (2004) Teaching and learning in the multicultural classroom: An examination of
some key issues. Paper presented at the 13th Annual Education Conference, Auckland, August 19-20.
Ho, E. (2004) Harmonising Diversities via Emphasising Similarities: A study of Multicultural Classrooms in New
Zealand. Paper presented at the Third Biennial International Conference on Intercultural Research, Taipei,
May 21-24.
Jose, P. E., Ward, C., & Liu, J. (2004). Adaptation, stress, and coping among international and local students in
New Zealand. Paper presented at the annual New Zealand Psychological Society conference, Wellington,
New Zealand.
Li, M. (2004). Culture and Classroom Communication: A Case study of Asian Students in New Zealand Language
Schools. Asian EFL Journal, 6/1. http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/04_ml.html.
Skyrme, G. (2004). PhD thesis entitled: International students and their teachers within a New Zealand university:
Expectation, emerging issues and change.
Skyrme, G. (2004). Ready or not: The preparedness of Chinese international students for study at a New Zealand
university.
Centre for Research into International Education, Auckland, August 13-16:
Ward, C., Masgoret, A.-M., Berno, T., & Ong, A. (2004). The psychological well-being of Asian students in New
Zealand. In S. Tse, A. Thapliyal, S. Garg, G. Lim & S. Chatterji (Eds),
Proceedings of the Inaugural
International Asian Health Conference: Asian health and well-being now and into the future (pp. 115-125).
Auckland: University of Auckland, School of Population Health.
Ward, C., & Masgoret, A-M. (2004). The experiences of international students in New Zealand: The results of the
national survey. Wellington: Ministry of Education (pp.100).
Cross-cultural Experiences in the Work Place
Holmes, Janet. (2004). Complaints and refusals in the workplace – some implications for ESL teaching.
Presentation to Contrastive Linguistics and Grammar MA course, staff and postgraduate students at
Department of English, Ludwig-Maxililian University, Munich.
Guerin, P., Diiriye, R. & Guerin, B. (2004). Obstacles to employment for Somali: Negotiating new directions. Paper
given at the
New Directions: New Settlers: New Challenges Seminar, Wellington, April 19-21.
North, N., Trlin, A. D., (2004). Immigrants in business; A study of self-employed immigrants and their businesses in
New Zealand.
New Settlers Programme Occasional Publication, (10). New Settlers Programme, Massey
University, Palmerston North.
Trlin, A. D., Henderson, A. M. & North, N. (2004). Skilled Chinese and Indian Immigrant workers. In P. Spoonley,
A. Dupuis, A. De Bruin. (eds.). Work and Working in Twenty-first Century New Zealand, (pp. 205-219).
Palmerston North: Dunmore Press.
Ethnic Identity
Bedford, R. (2004). International Migration, Identity and Development in Oceania: A Synthesis of Ideas. In D.
Massey & J. Taylor (eds.).
International Migration: Prospects and Policies in a Global Market. New York:
Oxford University Press Inc., pp. 230-258.
51
Epstein, S. (Feb 2004). Imagining the Community: Newspapers, Cyberspace and the (Non)Construction of Korean-
New Zealand Identity. One of the keynote speeches for the
Asia in NZ conference, Otago.
Holmes, Janet. (2005). Why tell stories? Contrasting themes and identities in the narratives of Māori and Pakeha
women and men. In S Kiesling and C Bratt Paulston (eds.). Intercultural Discourse and Communication:
The Essential Readings (pp 110-134). Oxford: Blackwell.
Liu, J.H. (2004). History and Identity: Checks and balances for Aotearoa/New Zealand. National identity retreat
workshop, Waikanae, NZ, Nov 19-21.
Macpherson, C., & Spoonley, P. (in press). Mediated Ethnicity: The Changing Relations between Media and
Ethnicity in Aotearoa. In Spoonley, P., Macpherson C., & D, Pearson (eds).
Tangata, Tangata: The
Changing Contours of Ethnicity in Aotearoa New Zealand. Palmerston North, Dunmore Press.
Macpherson, C. (2004). Reinventing the Nation: Building a Bicultural Future from a Monocultural Past in
Aotearoa/NZ. In P Spickard., (ed.).
Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World, (pp. 209-232).
New York: Routledge.
Sibley, C. G., & Liu, J. H. (in press). Attitudes towards biculturalism in New Zealand: Social dominance orientation
and Pakeha attitudes towards the general principles and resource-specific aspects of bicultural policy.
New
Zealand Journal of Psychology. Contact: Chris Sibley , Email: [email address]
Spoonley, P., & Macpherson, C. (in press). Transnationalisation of New Zealand’s Migrant Populations’ in
Spoonley, P., Macpherson C., & D Pearson (eds). Tangata, Tangata: The Changing Contours of Ethnicity
in Aotearoa New Zealand. Palmerston North, Dunmore Press.
Ward, C. (May, 2004). Identity, adaptation and acculturation attitudes in adolescents from Māori, Pakeha and Inter-
ethnic Families in New Zealand.
IV International Academy of Intercultural Research International
Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.
Inter-Ethnic Relationships
Pacific Island:
Macpherson, C. (in press). From Pacific Islanders to Pacific People: The Past, Present and Future of the Pacific
Population in Aotearoa. in Spoonley, P., Macpherson C., & D Pearson (eds). Tangata, Tangata: The
Changing Contours of Ethnicity in Aotearoa New Zealand. Palmerston North, Dunmore Press.
Macpherson, C., (2004). The Emergence of the Pacific Meta-Community: A Samoan Case. In V Lockwood (ed.).
Pacific Island Societies in a Global World (pp. 165-181). Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall.
Chinese New Zealanders:
Ho, E.S. and Bedford, R.D. (2004) 'The Chinese in Auckland: changing profiles in a more diverse society', in Wei Li
(Ed.)
The Asian Immigrant Community: From Urban Enclave to Ethnic Suburb, Honolulu: University of
Hawai'i Press.
Ho, E. (2004) Mental health of Asian immigrants in New Zealand: a review of key issues,
Asian and Pacific
Migration Journal, 13(1): 39-60.
Liu, J.H., Gee, S., & Ng, S.H. (2004). Subjective well-being among New Zealand Chinese and New Zealand
Europeans: Does intergenerational communication matter? Presented at the 3rd biennial conference of the
International Academy of Intercultural Research, Taipei, Taiwan, May 21-24.
Liu, J. H., & Ng, S. H. (2004). The role of inter-generational communication in the subjective well-being of New
Zealand Chinese and European families. In S. Tse, A. Thapliyal, S. Garg, G. Lim, & M. Chatterji (Eds.),
Proceedings of the Inaugural International Asian Health Conference: Asian health and wellbeing, now and
into the future (pp. 165- 176).
University of Auckland, New Zealand: School of Population Health.
Refugees
DeSouza, R. (2004). Working with refugees and migrants. In D. Wepa (ed.), Cultural Safety (pp. 122-133).
Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand.
Diiriye, R. & Guerin, P. (2004). Refugees and health: research in NZ. Presentation at
1st New Zealand Refugee
Research Conference, September, Auckland.
Nash, M. & Trlin, A. (2004). Social Work with Immigrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers in New Zealand. New
Settlers Programme Occasional Publication No. S, New Settlers Programme, Massey University,
Palmerston North.
Tepavac, S. (2004).
Refugee and Migrant Services (RMS) volunteerism as an identity project. Unpublished
Honours dissertation: University of Auckland. Contact: Sonja Tepavac, Email: [email address]
52
Indigenous Rights
(Note: there is a wide variety of research in this area which it has not been possible to include in this overview, and
which will be addressed in next year’s report)
Bedford, R. (2004). The Māori Population of the Western Bay of Plenty, invited paper for
Hui at Hungahungatotoroa
Marae, February 26.
Byrnes, G. (2004). The Waitangi Tribunal and New Zealand History. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Gee, S., Stephens, M., Higgins, T.R., & Liu, J.H. (2004). Tōku Reo, Tōku Mana! Tōku Reo, Tōku Tuakiri! Tōku
Reo, Tōku Mauri Ora! Te reo, ethnic identity and well-being.
He Pukenga Korero, 7(2), 16-24
.
Kendall, R., Tuffin, K. & Frewin, K. (manuscript in preparation from graduate research undertaken during 2004).
Shoring up identity: A discursive analysis of identity formulation in the first reading of the Foreshore and
Seabed Bill.
Tuffin, K., Praat, A. & Frewin, K. (2004). Analysing a silent discourse: Sovereignty and tino rangatiratanga.
New
Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33 (2), 100-109.
Tuffin, K., Frewin, K. & Praat, A. (in press). Living with the law: Discursive constructions and social practices.
Contacts: Dr Keith Tuffin and Dr Karen Frewin.
Immigration and Migration
Bedford, R. (2004). Settlers or Sojourners? The changing complexion of International Migration in New Zealand.
Paper presented at
50+ Continuing Education, Thames, October 26.
Bedford, R. (2004). The South Pacific migration system revisited: Developments in the 1990s and beyond. Paper
presented at the
2nd International Conference on Population Geographies. University of St Andrews, August
11-14.
Bedford, R. (2004). The Quiet Revolution: Transformations in Migration Policies, Flows and Outcomes, 1999-2004.
Paper presented at
New Directions: New Settlers: New Challenges, Wellington, April 19-21.
Masgoret, A-M. (2004). Examining the bases of intergroup competition and its role in determining immigration
attitudes in New Zealand. Paper presented at the
XXVI International Conference of Psychology, Beijing,
China.
Nikora, L., Guerin, B. & Rua, M. (2004). Māori migration: The social consequences. Paper presented at the
New
Directions: New Settlers: New Challenges Seminar, Wellington, April 19-21.
Watts, N., & White, C. (2004). Immigrant contribution to New Zealand’s cultural capital: issues and challenges.
Paper presented at
New Directions: New Settlers: New Challenges, 19-21 April. Victoria University,
Wellington.
53
Appendix 2
POSITIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TO RACE RELATIONS IN 2004
The Human Rights Commission continued its practice, introduced in 2003, of acknowledging positive contributions to
race relations by organisations and individuals. It is often tempting to focus on negative statistics and events, and it is
important to acknowledge that there are numerous individuals and organisations who are working in a wide variety of
ways towards the realisation of human rights and harmonious relationships between our diverse people. Those listed
represent only a small proportion, but the reasons for their recognition portray the variety of initiatives and contributions
that help to underpin New Zealand’s race relations away from the polarisations of public debate. The Commission
publicises the awards through an electronic newsletter,
On the Bright Side, which goes to several thousand people. It
is a means of recognising positive contributions and sharing ideas and best practice.
In 2004, the Commission issued 113 certificates of acknowledgment. Recipients included individuals, community
groups, churches, media, local and central government agencies, schools, media and private businesses. A summary
of the acknowledgments is reproduced below. More detailed information on the awards is available on the
Commission’s website a
t www.hrc.co.nz .
January 2004
Consulate of Ireland, for the New Zealand Irish Directory website
Porirua College, for the introduction of a comprehensive Mäori and Pasifika languages programme for year 9-10
students and beyond
Waiuku and Districts Post, for its
Panui page which provides news in te reo Mäori for its readers.
Outward Bound Trust of New Zealand, for organising a special 21 day ‘Southern Cross’ course at Anakiwa for a multi-
ethnic group of young New Zealanders
February 2004
Michael King, for
The Penguin History of New Zealand
Mason Durie, for
Nga Kahui Pou: Launching Mäori Futures Tom Newnham, for
Interesting Times, A Kiwi Chronicle
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, for the NZ Handbook on
International Human Rights Progressive Enterprises Ltd, for the
Celebrate New Zealand promotion
Telstra Clear Ltd, for taking prompt and responsible action to counter racism on the internet
Mahinarangi Tocker and Friends, for the
Mongrel in Me concert at the Taupo Arts Festival
South Taranaki District Council, for
‘Paepae in the Park’ on Waitangi Day 2004
Asia 2000 and the Auckland City Council, for the 2004 Auckland Chinese Lantern Festival
NZ Federation of Ethnic Councils, for the organisation of a national programme of multi-ethnic festivals for Race
Relations Day, March 21
Asia Film Festival Aotearoa Trust, for the inaugural Asia Film Festival Aotearoa, 20-29 February at SKYCITY Theatre,
Auckland
March 2004
Mäori Television, for the launch of New Zealand’s first national indigenous television channel – Sunday 28 March 2004
The NZ Herald, for balanced reporting of the ‘Race Debate’
54
St Joseph’s Catholic School, Dunedin, for a great Race Relations Day banner at a Race Relations Day event in the
Dunedin Town Hall
Room 9, Ilam Primary School, Christchurch, for learning Mäori greetings and introductions
Jean Voon, Auckland, for the design of the 2004 Race Relations Day poster, Take a Walk in Someone Else’s Shoes
Auckland Regional Migrant Resource Centre, for a successful first year of operations
Mere Lomaloma Elliott, for the Pasifika Festival 2004
J Oliver Lee and Associates, Auckland, for the annual St Patrick’s Day Ireland publication
The Korean Society of NZ, for the Korea Day Festival, Glenfield, Auckland, 6 March 2004
Ghanaian Association of NZ, for the Ghana National Day Festival, Auckland, March 2004
Carla van Zon, for the NZ International Festival of the Arts, Wellington 2004
Japan Association of Auckland, for the Japan Day festival at the ASB Stadium, Kohimarama, Auckland in November
2003
April 2004
Oceania Media Ltd, for the first issue of
Spasifik, a new bimonthly magazine about Pasifika people and issues
Tu Mai Media Plus Ltd, for five years of successful publication of Tu Mai magazine
Mana Productions Ltd, for the publication for over a decade of a quality bimonthly Mäori magazine accessible to all
New Zealanders
Stratford District Council, for their Race Relations Day Programme, March 2004
Hedi Moani Charitable Trust and the NZ Baha’i Community, for the Hedi Moani Memorial Secondary Schools Speech
Awards in association with Race Relations Day 2004
Logan Park High School, Dunedin, for the Race Relations Day Assembly, March 2004
Circolo Italiano, Wellington, for the Wellington Italian Festival, 28 March 2004
The Auckland Somali and Afghani Communities and the Umma Trust, for organising a forum on working with Muslim
communities, 14-15 April 2004
Paekakariki Informed Community Inc, for producing a lively monthly community newspaper, including the use of te reo
Māori
Human Rights Network Aotearoa Trust, for the weekly
HRN bulletin and website providing current information on
human rights and race relations activities and resources
May 2004
Tana Umaga, for being named Captain of the New Zealand All Blacks
Paul Rishworth, for organising the Equality Symposium, Auckland, May 26, 2004
Pat Snedden, for a thoughtful Pakeha contribution to the race relations debate
Maidstone Intermediate School, Upper Hutt, for ‘The Story of Ghandi’ at the regional inter-school Stage Challenge,
Wellington
55
Tourism NZ, for the launch of the ‘Rough Guide to Mäori New Zealand’
NZ Federation of Business and Professional Women Inc (BPW NZ), For follow-up to the ‘World of Peace’ conference
Shanti Niwas Charitable Trust, Auckland, for the ethnic food and cultural festival, 1 May 2004
Year 10 Economics Students, St Thomas of Canterbury College, Christchurch, for the ‘Can Racism’ economics project
Government Administration Select Committee, for the inclusive process used to consider the petition for the repeal of
the Citizenship (Western Samoa) Act
Huia (NZ) Ltd, Wellington, for publication and communication services, that promote and share Mäori language,
culture, achievement and ideas in NZ and aboard
June 2004
Bruce Holm, Four Square Supermarket, Tokomaru Bay, for introducing bi-lingual supermarket signage
Daphne Bell, Hamilton, for contributing to greater understanding of New Zealander’s new migrant communities
Moe Milne, Matawaia, Northland, For the Matariki celebrations. Healing the Spirit, in the Kaikohe region
David Slack, Auckland, for
Bullshit, Backlash and Bleeding Hearts, a Confused Person’s Guide to the Great Race Row
Wellington Conservancy, Department of Conservation, for the Conservation Week exhibition ‘Global Eye – Worldwide
Perspectives of Conservation and the Environment
The Rotary Club of Lincoln, Canterbury, for the Inaugural Lincoln Multicultural Festival
The Dominion Post, Wellington, for
Ethnicity: Celebrating Wellington’s Cultural Diversity
Pacific Business Trust, on the opening of the new Pacific Business Centre, Otahuhu Auckland 18 June 2004
July 2004
Ranui Action Project, West Auckland, for the
Ranui World Refugee Day Celebration, 3 July 2004
Mandeep Kaur, Manurewa, for graduating as the first Indian woman Police Officer in New Zealand
Pataka Museum and Art Gallery, Porirua, for celebrating and promoting the cultural diversity of Porirua City and New
Zealand
Jackie Slater, University of Canterbury, for the 2004
Celebration of Cultural Diversity, Ilam Residential Village
Lake Waikaremoana Hapu Restoration Trust, for the Lake Waikaremoana Kiwi conservation project, in partnership with
the Department of Conservation
Tautai Contemporary Pacific Arts Trust, for fostering Pacific artists in Aotearoa
Carol Archie, Auckland, For a longstanding significant contribution to Mäori news
Mrs An de Bijl Nachenius, Netherlands Ambassador, for fostering public awareness of Dutch New Zealanders and NZ
connections with the Netherlands
Royal Thai Embassy, for the
Festival of Thailand, June 2004
August 2004
James and Helen McNeish, for calling for a way forward for racial harmony
Cultural Awareness Trust, for the
Date Palm Film Festival
56
Beatrice Faumuina, for being selected to carry the NZ flag at the Olympic Games opening ceremony
John Psathas, for composing and arranging the music for the Olympic Games
Ani Waaka, for leading the team that brought Mäori Television to air
Ans Westra, for a lifetime of showing us to ourselves
Te Runanga o Turanganui-a-Kiwa, for the monthly publication and distribution of
Pipiwharauroa Auckland’s Tamil Youth, for contributing to the
Voice of Tamil Youth Toi Mäori Aotearoa and the Wellington City Council, for signing a Memorandum of Understanding to promote Mäori art
in Wellington and beyond
McCullochs Accountants and Business Advisors, Gisborne, for supporting Mäori Language Week 2004
i-Ball Media Works Ltd, Christchurch, for publishing a bi-lingual community newspaper to ‘bridge the cultures’ in
Christchurch
Hagley Community College, Te Puna Wai o Waipapa, Christchurch, for celebrating cultural diversity with International
Day, August 24, 2004
AUT Muslim Students Association and Auckland University Islamic Society (AUIS), for organising events for National
Islamic Awareness Week
Waitakere Library and Information Services, for the publication of the New Settlers’ Guide 2004
September 2004
Alistair Kwun, Auckland, for the
Eastern Translation exhibition
Organising Committee: Wellington Fiji Day Celebration, for organising the Save the Children Fun Day, 9 October 2004
Marcia Stenson, Auckland, for
The Treaty: Every New Zealander’s Guide to the Treaty of Waitangi
Paul Atkins, Wellington, for promoting cultural, educational and scientific exchange between the UK and NZ
Andrew Beddow and Claire Hoey, Wellington, for Giving it a Go to korero Māori
Television New Zealand, for screening the
New Faces Old Fears documentary
Sonja Rathgen, Wellington, for overseeing the establishment of the Office of Ethnic Affairs
Immigration Service, Department of Labour, for
Refugee Voices, the report of the Refugee Resettlement Research
Project
AUT Pacific Islands Families Research Team, for the Pacific Island Families Longitudinal Study
EEO Trust and the Department of Labour, for the publication of
People Power: Successful Diversity at Work
Tapa Charitable Trust, Auckland, for promoting youth employment, conservation and cross-cultural communication
October 2004
Alan Harrison, BP Moerewa, for establishing the first bilingual petrol station in NZ
Works Infrastructure Ltd, on the opening of their new Auckland plant with appropriate Māori ceremonial
Megan Hutchings, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, for
the Office of the Race Relations Conciliator: An Oral History
57
East Auckland Churches, for making refugees welcome on the World Day of Prayer for Peace
Penny Jorgensen, Auckland, for a pivotal contribution to the establishment of the Auckland Regional Migrant Resource
Centre
Paul Spoonley and Andrew Trlin, for
Immigration, Immigrants and the Media: Making Sense of Multicultural New
Zealand
Auckland University Centre for Pacific Studies, for the completion of the Fale Pasifika at Auckland University
Judy Bailey, Television New Zealand, for introducing Mäori greetings on the television news
Elena, for the cultural symphony
Angan publications, Auckland, for the launch of
The Global Indian.
UtopiaNZ Media Ltd, for the launch of Merge, a new multicultural lifestyle magazine
November 2004
MC Dasha and the HK Crew, for
Meri Kirihimete, the first Christmas Album in Te Reo Mäori
Auckland Theatre Company, for
A Christmas Carol, November-December 2004
NZ Netherlands Society, for the
St Nicholas Day Festival, Auckland, December 2004
Asian Students Association and UNITEC Students Association, Auckland, for the
‘Goodbye Racism’ Unitec Culture
Unity Day
Wellington District, NZ Police, for a commitment to strengthening relationships with Wellington’s ethnic communities
Korean Cinerama Trust,for the inaugural Korean Film Festival, October 2004
Auckland Trade Training Academy, for providing
‘pathways to construction’ for refugee youth
Te Runanga a Iwi o Nga Puhi, for the planned Ngapuhi Festival 2005
Asia NZ Film Foundation Trust, for the Short Film Making Workshop
Wellington Jewish Community, for the ‘What it Means to be Jewish Forum’ October
Claudia Orange, for
An Illustrated History of the Treaty of Waitangi
58
Document Outline
