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Aircrew Medical Standards Specifications
Chapter 1: Allergic system and dietary restrictions
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important allergy conditions or dietary
disorders.
This sections is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important allergy related conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific Problems: Allergic system and dietary restrictions
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
ANAPHYLAXIS
Severe allergic and anaphylactic reactions may be rapid onset and life threatening. The full blown
syndrome includes urticaria and/or angioedema with hypotension and bronchospasm. The
unpredictable nature of the condition, need for acute care and requirement for medication may have
significant implications for the grading of service personnel. In particular, the nature of military catering
is such that it is not possible to guarantee an individual’s ability to self-police an allergy to food or food
additives through labelling or identification of trigger constituents.
1.1
Food anaphylaxis
The most common food allergens are dairy, egg, peanut, tree nut, fish,
shellfish/crustaceans, soy, wheat.
Aircrew applicants: Those with very low threshold who react to traces and all
with concurrent asthma are to be excluded.
In general applicants with a history of the above will require specialist
assessment – Immunologist or GP with special interest in immunological
conditions.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Aircrew who have had their requirement for self-administered adrenaline
confirmed by a Consultant Allergy Specialist are additionally to be downgraded
A3, ‘Unfit solo pilot – must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’ in all but
exceptional circumstances. Equivalent grading for other aircrew roles, where
practicable.
1.1.1
Food allergy with
Must be proven to be tolerating allergen either via history (GP report) or
past history
formal food challenge via specialist.
anaphylaxis
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Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Food allergy with
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
history of past
anaphylaxis without
proof of complete
resolution or
tolerance of
trace/small amounts
1.1.2
Current Food allergy
Note: Does not exclude future anaphylaxis.
symptoms (mild,
excluding
Risk. Requires specialist assessment detailing: Indication of threshold for
anaphylaxis)
anaphylaxis (e.g. Tolerance of traces or small amounts only).
Requirement for carriage of Epipen.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Aircrew who have had their requirement for self-administered adrenaline
confirmed by a Consultant Allergy Specialist are additionally to be downgraded
A3, ‘Unfit solo pilot – must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’ in all but
exceptional circumstances. Equivalent grading for other aircrew roles, where
practicable.
1.2
Latex sensitivity
Additional information required:
Three types:
• Immediate allergic
Wherever an applicant provides a history consistent with or suspicious of latex
reactions to latex
sensitivity of any type, the applicant will require assessment by an allergist
(type 1
associated with formal testing.
hypersensitivity
reaction anaphylaxis)
• Irritant dermatitis
• Contact allergic
dermatitis
Past history of type 1
The NZDF cannot guarantee a latex-safe environment in tactical settings.
hypersensitivity
Therefore applicants with a known or proven latex allergy must be excluded
reaction to natural
from any deployment to a remote area.
rubber latex
(NRL).
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Aircrew who have had their requirement for self-administered adrenaline
confirmed by a Consultant Allergy Specialist are additionally to be downgraded
A3, ‘Unfit solo pilot – must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’ in all but
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exceptional circumstances. Equivalent grading for other aircrew roles, where
practicable.
Known clinical or
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
occupational history
in an applicant
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
related to past
exposure to NRL
including need for a
job
change
History of irritant
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
dermatitis or allergic
contact dermatitis
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
to latex
Where an applicant
Need to determine risk of recurrence and anaphylaxis.
has had a single, mild,
self-limiting response
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis following specialist advice.
to a latex product in
the past.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
1.3
Medication-induced
Where applicant has history of severe acute reaction/anaphylaxis to
anaphylaxis
medication.
Risk of anaphylaxis due to inadvertent administration of medication.
Less severe allergic
Additional information required:
reaction with a good
history of rash/non-
Needs to be documented with evidence of relevant skin testing and GP with
life-threatening
special interest or allergist/immunologist report.
reaction.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
If poor/vague history
Report from GP detailing where known:
or history of possible
rash
a. time between taking drug and reaction;
b. nature of reaction;
c. treatment/resolution of the reaction;
d. any other drugs at the same time; and
e. other underlying conditions.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit until report provided then assess on case by case
basis.
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1.3.1
Aspirin anaphylaxis
Most common cause of non-IgE-mediated anaphylaxis.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
1.4
Less severe reactions
Minor or moderately large local reactions.
Consider Immunologist opinion.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Severe reactions
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Or any reaction
requiring carriage of
Epipen
1.5
Exercise anaphylaxis
Exercise-induced anaphylaxis typically affects young adults.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
1.6
Idiopathic
In 30–40 per cent of cases of recurrent anaphylaxis no cause is identified.
anaphylaxis
Requires specialist care and access to emergency facilities.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
1.7
Other drug reactions
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
1.7.1
Radiocontrast media
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
reactions
1.7.2
Succinylcholine
NZDF Recruit standards apply.
(scoline)
sensitivity—low
pseudo
cholinesterase
1.8
Food intolerance,
See also Annex F: Gastrointestinal System
including coeliac
2.5.1.
disease
(proline-glutamic acid
sensitised, T-
lymphocyte
dependent
enteropathy)
2.
DESENSITISATION
2.1
Immunotherapy-
Requires schedule of injections in specialist centre until maintenance dose is
effective for the
reached (four to six months). Continue maintenance doses, monthly with GP
treatment of inhalant
for three to five years.
allergies and bee or
wasp stings. Effective
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treatment for allergic
rhinitis, selected
patients with asthma
and the majority of
patients with
venom allergy
Programme -full
Requires specialist review.
and completed
May be acceptable following treatment if there is no requirement for
medication and no geographic limitations.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Still to complete full
Requires long-term treatment if still undergoing desensitisation.
program/incomplete
program in the past
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
or requires lifelong
maintenance
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
treatment
Unfit for 72 hrs after each desensitisation treatment.
Aircrew additionally to be downgraded A3, ‘Unfit solo pilot – must fly with a
pilot suitably qualified on type’ in all but exceptional circumstances.
Geographic restriction may be required.
Equivalent grading for other aircrew roles, where practicable.
3.
URTICARIAS AND ANGIOEDEMAS
3.1
Physical urticarias
NZDF Recruit standards apply.
Includes:
• dermatographism
See Annex C Dermatology system.
• pressure/vibratory
urticaria
• cold urticaria
• solar urticaria
• heat urticaria
• cholinergic
urticarial
3.2
Urticaria and
NZDF Recruit standards apply.
angioedema
See Annex C Dermatology system.
3.3
Angioedema
NZDF Recruit standards apply.
(without urticaria)
See Annex C Dermatology system.
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3.4
Dermatitis and other allergic skin disorders - See Annex C
4
Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance ( IEI)
4.1
Multiple Chemical
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Sensitivity Syndrome
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
4.2
Candidiasis
Yeast free diets cannot be accommodated in the NZDF.
Hypersensitivity
Syndrome Symptoms
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
attributed to
infection with
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
C. Albicans or toxins
thereby produced.
4.3
“Sick Building
Unfit if there is likely to be an ongoing adverse effect on health and
Syndrome”
performance.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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Chapter 2: Cardiovascular system
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important cardiovascular disorders.
This sections is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important cardiovascular conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific problems: Cardiovascular system
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
CONGENITAL
1.1
Organic or
Congenital heart disease is generally incompatible with entry to the Service.
congenital disease
Presentation at entry often follows surgical correction in childhood, or, if mild,
may be detected for the first time. All forms require specialist assessment before
entry can be considered.
1.2
Patent Foramen
Prevalence studies have shown evidence of PFO in 17 – 27% of individuals; as
Ovale (PFO)
such, it can be considered a normal variant. PFOs provide a potential right to left
shunt for air bubbles if personnel experience decompression illness (DCI). There
is a 5-fold increase in the relative risk of DCI for sub-aqua divers with a PFO;
however, it is less clear whether there is an increase in relative risk in hypobaric
DCI.
Aircrew candidates, or serving aircrew, who are discovered to have a PFO as an
incidental finding are to be referred to a specialist for cardiac assessment.
In the absence of other cardiovascular pathology, they may be awarded / retain
a full aircrew medical category but should be cautioned about the risk of DCI in
recreational sports diving. They may continue to undergo hypoxia experience
through hypobaric chamber exposure.
Aircrew who are found to have a PFO during investigation for symptomatic DCI
are to be referred to OC AMU for investigation and will be awarded ‘unfit solo,
must fly with a pilot qualified on type ’, ‘unfit routine cabin exposure > 18,000 ft’
and ‘unfit hypobaric chamber exposure’.
Hypoxia awareness training will be delivered using reduced oxygen breathing
(normobaric hypoxia training) devices at ground level. Aircrew who have had
successful trans-catheter closure of a PFO may have these restrictions removed
but will be awarded the restriction ‘unfit exposure to GZ >2.5G’ due to concerns
over the shifting of the closure device in the heart septum.
1.3
Atrial Septal
Defect
Untreated cases will almost always be those with small defects of the ostium
(ASD)
secundum type and may be considered for licensing providing that investigations
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and catheter studies show that the left-to-right shunt is small and the pulmonary
artery pressure is normal.
Successful surgically treated cases may include both types of defect, and
particularly if treated before age 25, should result in being fit for full flying
duties.
Applicants who have had surgery after the age of 25 should be assessed on a
case by case basis.
Defects of the ostium primum type carry a higher risk because of possible late
problems with the mitral valve and conduction defects.
1.4
Ventricular Septal
Aircrew applicants: Very small VSDs without haemodynamic upset may be
Defects
considered for full flying duties.
VSDs repaired before the age of 2 are normally acceptable for full flying duties.
VSDs repaired after the age of 2 need to be assessed on a case by case basis.
1.5
Pulmonary
Aircrew Applicants: Mild degrees of pulmonary stenosis appear to carry no
Stenosis
significant cardiac risk so long as there is evident stability of the disorder. The
results of surgery are also usually excellent and both treated and untreated mild
cases may be fit for full aircrew duties.
1.6
Persistent Ductus
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with an existing PDA are not acceptable
Arteriosus (PDA)
for flying training. Individuals who have had successful surgical closure or
excision are fit for full flying duties
.
1.7
Coarctation of the
Aircrew Applicants: Untreated applicants are not acceptable for flying training.
Aorta
The outlook for surgically treated cases depends on age at the time of the
corrective operation. If the repair was performed in early childhood (before 9),
and there is no other congenital abnormality evident, and the blood pressure is
normal, the outlook may be sufficiently good to accept for training as non-pilot
aircrew.
Where the operation was performed after the age of 9, the prognostic doubt
increases and such applicants are unfit aircrew training. At least 30% of cases of
coarctation have other defects, notably bicuspid aortic valves.
1.8
Dextrocardia
Maybe fit aircrew duties subject to routine investigations.
/Situs Inversus
2
RHYTHM DISTURBANCES
Whilst investigations are ongoing all Service aircrew are to be grounded and awarded the limitation
‘unfit for service outside base areas’; other restrictions may be necessary where sudden impairment of
consciousness may affect safety (e.g. driving, work in confined space, work at heights).
2.1
Sinus Arrhythmia
Normal variant.
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2.2
Premature Atrial
Rarely associated with syncope, but may be associated with atrial arrhythmias
Beats, Premature
with dyspnoea and/or reduced exercise tolerance. Commonly related to excess
Junctional Beats
nicotine, alcohol and caffeine. Small risk of sudden incapacitation.
and Wandering
Pacemaker
Increased risk of incapacitation if associated with atrial arrhythmias.
If no underlying heart disease, no medication and no pacing may be for aircrew.
2.3
Atrial
No increased risk of infection but risk of embolus and may require
Arrhythmias,
anticoagulation.
Supra-
ventricular
May require regular specialist review, medication or electrical reversion to
tachycardia
control.
Aircrew grounded until fully investigated.
A history of AF or atrial flutter is incompatible with flying training because of the
potential haemodynamic upset.
2.3.1
Atrial Flutter
The main concerns are the potential for 1:1 AV conduction (i.e. extreme
tachycardia) and the fact that flutter is usually associated with underlying heart
disease.
Atrial Flutter is disqualifying for all flying duties. A return to restricted flying
duties (e.g. ‘unfit solo pilot’, ‘unfit flying in aircraft types exceeding +2.5Gz’ and
‘unfit service outside base areas’) may be possible after successful RF flutter
circuit ablation therapy in individuals with otherwise normal hearts.
2.3.2
Atrial
As soon as the diagnosis is suspected, aircrew are to be grounded. They should
Fibrillation
be referred for specialist investigation.
The following requirements must be met before considering a return to
flying/controlling duties:
a. Initial and ongoing symptoms - mild and not incapacitating or distracting.
b. Thyroid function tests - normal.
c. Echocardiogram - no structural or functional heart disease, no chamber
dilatation and left ventricular ejection fraction >50%.
d. Exercise ECG - Bruce protocol to maximal effort or symptom limited for > 9
min with no rhythm, conduction or ischaemic changes.
e. 24h ECG – SR with no wake-time pauses >2.5s; Sustained AF with no
marked variability in rate (RR interval 0.3-3.5s) and <2% ventricular
aberrants without complex forms; Paroxysmal AF restricted to sleep-time.
f. Other cardiac tests - may include extended ambulatory ECG monitoring,
electrophysiology studies and assessment of coronary arteries.
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g. Low thrombo-embolic risk - must not be taking warfarin.
h. Taking acceptable drugs.
i. Lifestyle review.
Aircrew, regardless of the type of AF or treatment, who fulfil the above criteria
at 6 months, may be considered for a restricted flying category i.e. unfit solo but
fit to fly with pilot suitably qualified on type, unfit aircraft types exceeding
+2.5Gz and unfit service outside base areas.
AVMO review at will initially be every 6 months with ECG (and 24h ECG as
required), for a minimum of 2 years.
An unrestricted medical grade may be possible for aircrew who suffer a single
episode of AF, have no evidence of structural or ischaemic heart disease and
remain in SR without treatment for 2 years, particularly, when precipitating
factors have been identified and managed e.g. infection, hyperthyroidism or
alcohol.
Catheter ablation therapy for AF is associated with approximately a 5% per
annum recurrence rate at 2 years and beyond, therefore, aircrew undergoing
such treatment will be permanently unfit solo flying.
However; if after two years they remain well, in SR and on no medication they
may have the limitation of “unfit service outside base areas” removed. The A3
limitation “as or with” will remain.
2.3.3
Re-Entrant
Clinical concerns are:
Supraventricular
Tachycardia (with
a. The presence of an AV accessory pathway facilitates re-entrant tachycardia of
or without
sudden and unpredictable onset and which may be associated with high heart
symptoms)
rates.
b. May be distracting.
c. May be associated with reduced cardiac output, haemodynamic symptoms,
reduced exercise and G-tolerance.
Untreated
Re-Entrant Supraventricular Tachycardia is disqualifying for all flying duties.
Individuals are to be awarded the limitation ‘unfit for service outside base
areas’; other restrictions may be necessary where sudden impairment of
consciousness may affect safety (e.g. driving, work in confined spaces, work at
heights).
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Treated (pathway
A return to flying duties may be possible if electrophysiological studies, with
ablation)
successful RF ablation therapy if required, indicate that there is no future risk of
incapacitating arrhythmia.
2.3.4
Re-entry pathways
The presence of an A-V accessory pathway whose potential for facilitating
(including Wolff-
incapacitating re-entrant tachycardia is unknown without full
Parkinson-White)
electrophysiological assessment.
with or without
symptoms
WPW is disqualifying for selection to flying duties. However, in a trained aviator
and with OC AMU's recommendation, a return to limited duties may be possible
if the following criteria are met:
a. New finding with no history of tachyarrhythmia.
b. Satisfactory evaluation with exercise ECG and 24 hr Holter.
Post-electrophysiological study (EPS) and confirmation of benign pathway
characteristics an unrestricted flying medical grade may be appropriate (A1G3).
Post-successful RF ablation an unrestricted flying medical grade may be
appropriate (A1 G3).
2.5
Ventricular Arrhythmias
2.5.1
Premature
Single ventricular ectopic (VE) beats are common. Frequent VE are arbitrarily
Ventricular Beats
defined as 3 or more ectopics per minute. A single VE on a standard ECG
(Contractions)
recording over 12 seconds may be ignored. If 2 or more VEs occur, a rhythm
strip must be obtained.
All cases except single VEs as above require full specialist evaluation.
Greater frequency (such as bigeminy, trigeminy, multifocality, doublets), are
more likely to have an adverse administrative outcome.
Individuals are ‘unfit service outside base areas’ and other restrictions may be
necessary where sudden impairment of consciousness may affect safety (e.g.
driving, work in confined spaces, work at heights etc).
2.5.2
Ventricular
A history of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia is disqualifying for flying training.
Tachycardia
Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia is disqualifying for flying duties. A return to limited
duties may be possible in a healthy individual with no demonstrable heart
disease who has had a non-sustained, asymptomatic and self-limiting salvo of
ventricular tachycardia, eg during exercise or G-induced stress.
2.6
Brugada Syndrome
2.6.1
Brugada Syndrome is associated with sudden cardiac death due to polymorphic
ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. The condition occurs in
structurally normal hearts, although there is occasional overlap with
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). The ECG in Brugada
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Syndrome shows changes in the ST segment and T waves; there are 3 Types
differentiated by the precise forms of ECG abnormality. Investigation of the
syndrome may involve a challenge with ajmaline to assess conversion of Types 2
and 3 to Type 1 which may be indicative of greater risk of death.
20% of patients develop supraventricular arrhythmias and VF. The mean age of
cardiac death is 40 years and this usually occurs at night. Patients with
spontaneous Type 1 changes and a history of syncope are at higher risk of
cardiac arrest.
Aircrew Applicants.
Recruit candidates with a diagnosis of Brugada Syndrome are to be assessed
unfit for service in the RNZAF/RNZN (P8).
Serving Aircrew.
a. Type 1. Personnel with symptomatic or asymptomatic Type 1 Brugada
Syndrome are to be awarded the limitation ‘Unfit for service outside Base
Areas’. Electrophysiological studies may be indicated to determine the
need for an implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD). Aircrew are to be
awarded A4.
b. Types 2 and 3. Personnel with Type 2 or Type 3 Brugada Syndrome and a
positive ajmaline challenge are to be awarded the limitation ‘Unfit for
service outside Base Areas’. Personnel with a negative ajmaline challenge
may retain an unrestricted medical grade but will require specialist cardiac
investigations (likely echocardiography, cardiac MRI and 24 hr ECG monitor
to exclude ARVC).
Aircrew with Type 2 or Type 3 Brugada Syndrome and a positive ajmaline
challenge are to be awarded A4.
Aircrew with a negative ajmaline challenge may retain an unrestricted medical
grade but will also require investigation to exclude ARVC.
3.
CONDUCTION DISTURBANCES
3.1
Atrioventricular (AV) Conduction Disturbances
3.1.1
First degree
First degree AV block, that is PR interval greater than 0.2 seconds, is not
(Möbitz type 1),
uncommon in healthy young aircrew. Provided that the block is reversible by
and second degree,
exercise or by the administration of atropine, and the QRS complex is normal,
AV block,
the condition is acceptable for aircrew training.
(Wenckebach’s
phenomenon)
Möbitz type 1 block (Wenckebach patter) is mostly a normal variant and is
acceptable at the discretion of a cardiologist with experience in aviation
medicine.
Specialist evaluation is required in all those individuals with heart block.
Personnel with clinically significant heart block are to be assessed as follows:
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a. Pending investigation aircrew are to be grounded and awarded the
limitation ‘unfit for service outside base areas’; other limitations may also
be necessary where sudden impairment of consciousness may affect safety
(e.g. driving, work in confined spaces, work at heights).
b. The significance of lesser degrees of heart block must be assessed
individually.
3.1.2
Second (Möbitz
Möbitz type II in which the AV block occurs without prior lengthening of the PR
Type II) or third
interval is often progressive and can lead to third degree heart block with the
degree heart block
consequent haemodynamic consequences. Cardiac pacing is often
Complete Heart
recommended for Möbitz 2 blocks.
Block
Applicants with Möbitz 2 AV block are unfit aircrew training. Serving aircrew
with Möbitz 2 AV block are unfit all flying duties.
Third degree heart block is always significant and requires specialist evaluation.
A diagnosis of third degree heart block renders the applicant unfit aircrew
training. A diagnosis of third degree heart block usually renders the aircrew
person unfit flying permanently.
The use of cardiac pacemakers is unacceptable in the aviation environment.
3.1.3
Cardiac
The use of cardiac pacemakers is unacceptable in the aviation environment.
Pacemakers
3.2
Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances
3.2.1
Non-Specific
Non-Specific Intraventricular Conduction delays are usually considered a normal
Intraventricular
variant in otherwise healthy subjects, provided the QRS limit is less than 120
Conduction delays
milliseconds.
If it is more than 120 milliseconds, if cardiac disease has been excluded
(cardiomegaly has been excluded by echo, and echo stress test or nuclear stress
testing is normal), the aircrew member can be returned to unrestricted flying
duties.
3.2.2
Left Bundle
Left bundle branch block, including exercise-induced LBBB, is associated with
Branch Block
coronary heart disease and progressive conduction system disease. It is also
associated with hypertension, valvular heart disease, myocarditis and
cardiomyopathy.
Recruits are to be made permanently unfit aircrew service.
Initially, aircrew and controllers are to be made unfit service outside of base
areas and unfit flying. They should then be referred to a cardiologist for
assessment and follow up:
a. Echocardiogram - no structural or functional heart disease, no chamber
dilatation and left ventricular ejection fraction >50%.
b. Exercise ECG - Bruce protocol to maximal effort or symptom limited for > 9
min with no rhythm or conduction abnormalities (other than LBBB).
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c. 24h ECG – no significant rhythm or conduction abnormalities (other than
LBBB).
d. Investigation of coronary arteries – if clinically indicated or over age 40
years.
e. Electrophysiology studies – may be necessary in those with first-degree
heart block.
If after initial assessment there is no evidence of underlying heart disease and
they are asymptomatic, return to restricted duties may be possible i.e. unfit
service outside of base areas and to fit to fly only with pilot suitably qualified on
type. If after 3 years there is still no evidence of underlying heart disease, an
unrestricted medical grade may be awarded.
3.2.3
Right Bundle
This may be a normal variant in young people.
Branch Block
Incomplete RBBB is a common finding in young adults and does not warrant
investigation or restriction of duties.
Complete RBBB may be associated with coronary heart disease and progressive
conduction system disease; but less frequently than with LBBB. It is also
associated with hypertension, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease,
myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary embolus and cor pulmonale.
Those with isolated RBBB and a normal echocardiogram may be awarded an
unrestricted medical grade.
Initially, aircrew are to be made unfit service outside of base areas and unfit
flying. They should then be referred to a specialist for assessment.
The following requirements must be met before considering a return to flying
duties:
a. Asymptomatic.
b. Echocardiogram - no structural or functional heart disease, no chamber
dilatation and left ventricular ejection fraction >50%.
c. Exercise ECG - Bruce protocol to maximal effort or symptom limited for > 9
min with no rhythm or conduction abnormalities (other than RBBB).
d. 24h ECG – no significant rhythm or conduction abnormalities (other than
RBBB).
e. Investigation of coronary arteries – if clinically indicated.
Aircrew and aircraft controllers under age 40 years, fulfilling the criteria above,
may be awarded an unrestricted medical grade. They will require specialist
review every 5 years, to include resting, exercise and ambulatory ECGs.
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Aircrew over age 40 years, fulfilling the criteria above, may be permitted to
return to restricted duties i.e. unfit service outside of base areas and to fit to fly
only with pilot suitably qualified on type. They are to be reviewed by a specialist
after 1 year with resting, exercise and ambulatory ECGs after which an
unrestricted medical grade may be possible. They will require specialist review
every 5 years, to include resting, exercise and ambulatory ECGs.
3.2.4
Sinus Bradycardia
Sinus bradycardia is common in athletes and regular exercisers. Rates of 30-40
bpm may be seen during rest or sleep. Marked bradycardia in older, less fit
persons may be due to conduction system disease or to drugs. ‘Pauses’ of 2.5
seconds or more between beats are often pathological and should be
investigated. ‘Wandering pacemaker’ and various forms of junctional rhythm
are quite common and usually innocent in young people.
4.
CARDIOMYOPATHY
4.1
Hypertrophic
Requires regular specialist review. Reduced exercise capacity.
Cardiomyopathy
Risk of arrhythmias or sudden death.
4.2
Dilated
Requires regular specialist review. Reduced exercise capacity.
Cardiomyopathy
Risk of arrhythmias or sudden death.
In dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive (including sarcoid)
cardiomyopathy there is a risk of progressive haemodynamic
deterioration, emboli and sudden death, even in patients who have
previously been asymptomatic.
Confirmed cardiomyopathy is rarely compatible with flying duties.
Individuals are to be managed on a case by case basis in consultation
with OC AMU and with an approved aviation aware cardiologist.
5.
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE/DISORDERS
5.1
Murmurs
All murmurs must be explained. However very few are likely to be pathological.
All murmurs require further investigation with echocardiography.
5.1.1
Physiological
No restriction for aircrew.
murmurs
5.2
Valvular Heart
Recruits with valvular heart disease of any aetiology will normally be
Disease/
considered unfit for aircrew service in the NZDF (P8).
Disorder
Aircrew with suspected valve disease are to be referred to a specialist
cardiologist with aviation experience. Personnel with valve defects
may require antibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis prior
to dental or surgical procedures.
5.2.1
Mitral Valve
Aircrew. Individuals with marked MVP are to be awarded A3 (‘unfit solo flying’),
Prolapse
‘unfit sustained accelerations exceeding +2.5Gz’ and ‘unfit pressure breathing’).
Some cases of minor degree, with normal ECG and no symptoms may retain a
full flying medical grade.
Severe MVP, or MVP with complications, is a cause for permanent grounding
(A4).
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5.2.2
Mitral
Trace or mild MR is a common finding on routine echocardiography and Doppler
Regurgitation
studies and in the presence of a structurally normal heart is considered to be a
(MR)
physiologically normal variant. MR does not appear to be aggravated by long
duration +Gz. So pilots are fit for unrestricted flying.
Aircrew applicant with trace MR and a normal heart are fit for aircrew training.
Serving aircrew with trace MR and a normal heart are fit for full flying duties.
Serving aircrew with more than trace MR should undergo annual assessment
with echocardiography and Doppler studies.
Provided they remain asymptomatic, are in sinus rhythm, the left atrium is not
enlarged and left ventricular function is normal they may continue to fly with a
restriction, ‘unfit high performance aircraft’.
5.2.3
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral stenosis tends to be a progressive disease and enlargement of the left
(MS)
atrium leads to atrial fibrillation.
Aircrew applicants with MS are unfit pilot training.
Serving aircrew who are asymptomatic, have mild stenosis, are in sinus rhythm,
have normal left atrium dimensions and normal left ventricular function may
continue to fly with a restriction “unfit high performance aircraft”.
They will require annual echocardiography and Doppler.
5.2.4
Aortic Valve
Aircrew. Individuals with progressive AR (minimal haemodynamic effect) and
Disease
very minor degrees of Aortic Stenosis (AS) are to be awarded A3 “unfit solo pilot-
fit as or with co-pilot qualified on type’ ‘unfit sustained accelerations exceeding
+2.5Gz’ and ‘unfit pressure breathing’.
(Bicuspid Aortic
Valve (BAV) and
Aortic Stenosis
Haemodynamically significant AR and significant AS are causes for permanent
(AS))
grounding (A4). Some cases of mild AR may retain a full flying medical grade.
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is found in 2% of the population. As complications
such as aortic stenosis or regurgitation can occur and as dissection of the aorta
occur in up to one third of individuals with BAV over a lifetime, the diagnosis of a
bicuspid aortic valve is a bar to flying training.
Aircrew who are found to have a BAV are to be monitored bi-annually with
echocardiography.
Aortic stenosis or regurgitation found in serving aircrew should be closely
monitored (annually) to identify progression of the stenosis and any
haemodynamic deterioration.
If the condition deteriorates further to a point where there is a significant
haemodynamic effect, the aircrew member will need to be permanently
grounded.
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5.2.5
Aortic
The diagnosis and severity of AR is best assessed with echocardiograph and
regurgitation (AR)
Doppler studies. AR is unlikely to cause acute incapacitation, so does lend itself
to a monitoring situation.
Trace AR with normal valve morphology is unlikely to progress and should be
acceptable for aircrew training. Where there is thickening or calcification of the
valves there is more risk of deterioration in function.
Aircrew applicants with trace AR and normal aortic valves are fit for aircrew
training. Trace AR in association with an abnormal aortic valve is not acceptable
for aircrew training.
Serving aircrew with trace AR are fit for full flying duties. Aircrew with moderate
AR should be restricted “unfit high performance aircraft’.
Aircrew with severe AR but normal left ventricle dimensions should be ‘unfit
high performance aircraft’ and ‘unfit solo pilot - fit as or with co-pilot qualified
on type’.
Aircrew with increasing left ventricular dimensions and/or haemodynamic
inefficiency are to be grounded.
5.2.6
Pulmonary Valve
The diagnosis and severity of AR is best assessed with echocardiograph and
Disorders
Doppler studies. AR is unlikely to cause acute incapacitation, so does lend itself
to a monitoring situation.
Trace AR with normal valve morphology is unlikely to progress and should be
acceptable for aircrew training. Where there is thickening or calcification of the
valves there is more risk of deterioration in function.
Aircrew applicants with trace AR and normal aortic valves are fit for aircrew
training. Trace AR in association with an abnormal aortic valve is not acceptable
for aircrew training.
Serving aircrew with trace AR are fit for full flying duties. Aircrew with moderate
AR should be restricted “unfit high performance aircraft’.
Aircrew with severe AR but normal left ventricle dimensions should be ‘unfit
high performance aircraft’ and ‘unfit solo pilot - fit as or with co-pilot qualified
on type’.
Aircrew with increasing left ventricular dimensions and/or haemodynamic
inefficiency are to be grounded.
5.2.7
Artificial Valves
Aircrew applicants who have a history of valve replacement are unfit flying
training.
Personnel with mechanical artificial valves require lifelong anticoagulant
treatment; they are permanently unfit for aircrew duties (A4), are ‘unfit for
service outside base areas’ and often require other limitations.
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A tissue graft (heterograft), not requiring anticoagulation, is most unlikely to be
compatible with return to flying duties.
Homografts (from human cadavers) looks more promising.
Conservative valve surgery requires individual assessment.
Surgical repair of mitral valves or tricuspid valves (not replacement) sometimes
produces an outcome that allows the aircrew member to return to flying in a
limited capacity ‘unfit solo pilot-fit as or with co-pilot qualified on type and ‘unfit
high performance aircraft’.
6.
ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
6.1
Myocardial
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) may be an incidental finding without symptoms
infarction,
or may present with clinical manifestations secondary to ischaemic heart
coronary
disease (IHD). Clinical presentations may include angina, myocardial infarction,
insufficiency
heart failure, arrhythmia and sudden death. CAD is unpredictable and may be
coronary disease,
catastrophic. CAD may result in spontaneous onset of IHD symptoms such as
angina pectoris,
chest pain, dyspnoea or palpitations that may lead to incapacitation and
cardiac failure
distraction.
Cardiac Risk Assessment (CRA). CRAs are to be undertaken to using NZGG model
assess fitness for single, dual pilot and other aircrew operations according to a
periodic schedule (see Aircrew Medical Annex).
At recruitment if over age 35.
Trained aircrew at 36, then then 2 yearly (include lipids, HbA1c) from age 40.
Annual from 60. If clinically indicated.
A CRA over 5% over 5 years for single pilot (including T6 instructor) operations
or 10% over 5 years for dual pilot operations will require further cardiology
assessment/ investigation to assess risk, (such as through Stress (exercise)
Echocardiography/ECG testing or other suitable means).
Recruit: Recruits with any history of ischaemic heart disease are considered
unfit for aircrew service in the NZDF (P8).
Aircrew: Coronary artery disease (CAD) stenosis of ≥50% or IHD is normally a
bar to flying duties due to the potential of unheralded angina, infarction and
arrhythmia. The aviation environment e.g. hypoxia, hyperventilation and high
Gz, may precipitate such events through increased myocardial oxygen
consumption.
On suspicion of the diagnosis of CAD, aircrew must be immediately grounded.
In exceptional circumstances aircrew may be considered for a return to
restricted flying duties after 6 – 9 months, if, on review by a cardiologist with
Av Med training, they fulfil all the criteria below: Aircrew fulfilling these criteria
may be awarded A3 ('unfit solo pilot, must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on
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type' / 'unfit solo (aircrew category will be specified in Med Docs); 'unfit
sustained accelerations exceeding +2.5 Gz'; 'unfit pressure breathing'; 'unfit
flight above FL 400') in addition to the limitations specified for ground crew.
Stenosis at other levels/other minor arteries will require specific consideration
and evaluation by a cardiologist and case by case follow up.
To maintain this flying category, aircrew must be reviewed, unless otherwise
specified by the attending cardiologist, as follows:
a. Three monthly review with a cardiologist for the first 18 months post event,
then at 2 years and annually thereafter.
b. Resting ECG at each review, and exercise ECG, 24 hour ECG and
echocardiogram annually.
c. Myocardial perfusion scan (MPS (myocardial perfusion scintigraphy) or
pCMR (perfusion cardiac MRI) at 3 years then on alternate years.
Alternative assessment such as stress echocardiography, DSE (dobutamine
stress echocardiography) or CT angiography may be considered acceptable
in individual cases, but where there is any doubt regarding the patency of
coronary vessels, traditional angiography will likely be required.
d. Angiography at 3 years to assess anatomical progression of disease may be
required.
e. This should be determined following assessment by a cardiologist with
Aviation Medicine training.
f. If the aircrew patient develops any symptoms, or if abnormalities in any
test or measurement are observed, the patient is to be immediately
grounded pending review.
7.
INFECTIVE
7.1
Endocarditis
Residual scarring produces high risk of relapse or recurrence.
Risks include cardiac failure, arrhythmias, unremitting fevers,
thromboembolism, strokes, cerebral abscesses, meningitis, acute nephritis or
nephrotic syndrome, and sudden death.
Grounded until full clinical recovery. Restrictions dependent on risk of
recurrence, residual cardiac function and risk of incapacitation.
7.2
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is not uncommon but is frequently asymptomatic and probably
often missed. Abnormal ECGs are common during acute infection and other
illnesses, and may represent transient myocarditis. All individuals require
specialist management. Complete recovery may occur even after severe illness,
but a chronic or downhill course, possibly needing transplantation, may occur.
Risk of sudden death or incapacitation. Risk of late development of cardiac
failure.
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Aircrew are to be grounded until full recovery is confirmed.
7.3
Pericarditis
25 per cent risk of recurrence when associated with post-viral, idiopathic,
rheumatoid and uraemic causes.
Late complications include pericardial fibrosis and calcification.
Grounded until full recovery.
Restrictions dependent on risk of recurrence, residual cardiac function and risk
of incapacitation.
7.4
Rheumatic fever
Need for prolonged penicillin prophylaxis (at least 10 years).
(RF)
Risks of pericarditis (including coronary arteritis) and arthritis.
Lifelong acute sensitivity to Group A Streptococcus infections—common in the
military environment.
If structural valve disease is present, increased risk of heart failure and bacterial
endocarditis.
Restrictions dependent on risk of recurrence, residual cardiac function and risk
of incapacitation.
8.
VASCULAR
8.1
Deep venous
Venous thrombo-embolic disease is a common and dangerous condition.
thrombosis (DVT),
Venous thrombosis causes pain and swelling in the affected limb and may give
rise to pulmonary emboli causing chest pain, shortness of breath, hypoxia, and
cardiac arrhythmias and may be fatal.
Thrombophilia
Recruits with a history of thrombo-embolism are normally considered unfit for
service in the RNZAF (P8). A single uncomplicated deep vein thrombosis (DVT),
particularly with a defining cause and with a full recovery may be acceptable
but should be assessed by a specialist.
Aircrew are to be grounded (A4) whilst taking anticoagulants. Resumption of
unrestricted flying duties should be possible after completion of treatment for a
single uncomplicated DVT.
Recurrent DVT is rarely compatible with a return to flying duties. A single
pulmonary embolism (PE) may be compatible with eventual award of A3 (‘unfit
solo pilot’). Recurrent PE is to be assessed A4.
Significant residual limb damage (oedema, pain, ulceration) may prevent flying.
There is no generally agreed definition of thrombophilia but the term is used to
describe patients who are at significantly increased long-term risk of venous
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thrombo-embolism (VTE) deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism).
Individuals will be assessed on a case by case basis. However, an individual who
is assessed as having a propensity to or a high/significant risk of developing VTE
is likely to be found unfit for flying duties.
Aircrew in whom a diagnosis of thrombo-embolic disease is made are to be
dealt with on a case-by-case basis. Details of their haematological status are to
be obtained from their haematology consultant and their flying category is then
to be decided after discussion with AvMO and OC AMU.
Aircrew applicant: May be fit for entry when fully recovered.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
8.2
Thrombophlebitis
General physician or haematologist assessment.
Investigations to exclude other risk factors at the discretion of the assessing
specialist.
8.3
Major vascular
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) causing claudication or rest pain almost always
disease
indicates extensive arterial disease. Specialist investigation is always required.
Occasionally a completely correctable cause is found (e.g. popliteal cyst). Where
investigations have demonstrated normal coronary and cerebral vasculature in
aircrew, a return to flying may be possible. Personnel are to be awarded the
limitation ‘unfit for service outside base areas’.
8.4
Other vascular
Restrictions dependent on risk of recurrence, residual cardiovascular function
Disease:
and risk of incapacitation.
Aneurysm, etc
8.5
Raynaud’s
Cold exposure results in a triphasic colour response: blanching of the fingers,
phenomenon
followed by cyanosis, then redness. Usually a benign disorder. Must exclude
underlying disease, e.g. scleroderma, systemic lupus, SLE and all other mixed
connective tissue disease.
Must exclude all secondary causes.
Aircrew applicant: Any history of Raynaud’s Phenomenon renders an individual
unfit for aircrew selection.
8.6
Hypertension
Aircrew applicants with consistently elevated BP should be rejected and
referred back to their general practitioner for investigation and possible
treatment. Once investigation is complete, the candidate may re-apply for
consideration as aircrew.
Uncontrolled hypertension is incompatible with flying or aircraft control duties.
Furthermore, aircrew are to be grounded when drug treatment is initiated or
substantially altered). Complications of hypertension generally preclude flying.
Anti-hypertensives. Before a return to flying duties can be considered,
hypertensive individuals must be normotensive on stable treatment, normally
for at least 2 weeks. Any change in treatment, either in dosage or of the drugs
used, must result in withdrawal from flying duties (usually 2 weeks) and a
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further period of monitoring. The following points apply to specific groups of
anti-hypertensives:
a. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor
Blockers: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and angiotensin
II receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used in the treatment of
hypertension. They commonly (1-10%) cause orthostatic hypotension,
hyperkalaemia and a decline in renal function; however, these effects are
easily identified, often transient and usually resolve on dose reduction or
stopping treatment. Cough is very common (>10%) and angioedema
uncommon (<1%); both occurring less with ARBs than with ACEis. Previous
concerns of impaired G-tolerance with ACEis have not been substantiated
in US or UK trials.
Following appropriate investigations, treatment in aircrew may be started
by an AvMO or Civilian GP. To ensure adequate blood pressure control and
absence of adverse effects, aircrew are to be initially grounded, normally
for a minimum 2 weeks to ensure suitable control has been achieved. CRA
and specialist referral may be required. A return to unrestricted duties is
usually possible when stabilised on treatment, but aircrew are to be graded
G3.
The combined use of ACE is and ARBs significantly increases the risks of
serious adverse effects. Aircrew are likely to remain unfit solo flying, for at
least 3-6 months after which a return to unrestricted duties may be
possible.
The drugs listed below are considered acceptable for aircrew. Other ACEis
and ARBs will be considered on a case-by-case basis:
I.
Acceptable ACE inhibitors: Lisinopril, Ramipril, Enalapril,
Perindopril, Cilazapril, Quinapril, Fosinopril.
II.
Acceptable ARBs: Losartan, Valsartan, Candesartan, Eprosartan,
Irbesartan, Olmesartan.
b. Calcium Channel Blockers. Amlodipine and Nifedipine are preferred for use
in aircrew as unrestricted flying duties may be permitted in those treated
with these drugs. In order to return to unrestricted flying, the maximum
acceptable doses are 10mg daily of Amlodipine or 20mg twice daily of
sustained release Nifedipine, with no clinical evidence of side effects. Other
drugs in this group are compatible with limited flying duties. Aircrew taking
Calcium channel blockers other than Amlodipine or Nifedipine as detailed
above are not permitted to fly in aircraft where they will be exposed to
accelerations outside the range -1 to +2.5 Gz.
c. Thiazides and Other Diuretics. Thiazides are compatible with full flying
duties, subject to a grading of a G3 medical marker.
d. Beta-blockers. Atenolol, alone or with diuretics, is compatible with limited
flying duties. Aircrew are not permitted to fly in aircraft where they will be
exposed to accelerations outside the range -1 to +2.5 Gz. The effects of this
group of drugs on psychomotor function are such that pilots are not
permitted to fly solo. Medical grade will be no higher than A3G3Z1.
Detailed limitations will be determined by the AvMO. Other Beta-blockers
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to be assessed on a case by case basis and require full ground trial.
e. Alpha 1-blockers. Although alpha 1-blockers may be permitted for benign
prostatic hypertrophy the availability of alternative medication with a lower
risk of postural hypotension means that these drugs are not currently
approved for use in hypertension in those on flying duties.
8.8
Hypotension
Restrictions dependent on risk of recurrence, treatment, residual cardiac
function and risk of incapacitation.
8.9
Varicose veins
8.91
Asymptomatic/
Fitness to fly dependent on symptoms and function. Likely to remain fit.
uncomplicated
Significant—
extensive
networks of
varicose veins
affecting upper or
lower leg (in
either limb) but
asymptomatic
8.92
Symptomatic and
Fitness to fly dependent on symptoms and function. Likely to remain fit.
uncomplicated
With evidence of
perforating veins,
or incompetence
8.93
Symptomatic,
Fitness to fly dependent on symptoms and function. May be fit for local flying
complicated and
but unlikely to deploy overseas for operational flying.
chronic—including
ulceration, skin
changes and
phlebitis or
previous failure of
surgical treatment
8.94
Varicose veins,
Return to flying following full functional recovery.
treated
9.
METABOLIC
9.1
Hyperlipidaemia
Hyperlipidaemia is a potent risk factor for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and, if
familial, often requires prolonged treatment and follow-up. Secondary causes of
hyperlipidaemia should be considered and treated as appropriate. Severe
hyperlipidaemia may be incompatible with solo pilot duties (A3) and grounding
(A4) may be required if there is evidence of coronary disease. The opinion of a
cardiology specialist should be sought for aircrew with associated
cardiovascular risk factors.
A satisfactory response to treatment and demonstrated absence of end-organ
damage is compatible with an unrestricted (G3) medical grade.
9.2
Lipid Lowering
Non-drug measures are preferred; however, resins such as Cholestyramine are
Therapy
suitable if well-tolerated. Fibrates and statins may be used under specialist
direction. Fibrates have not been cleared for use by pilots in solo flight, but
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where prolonged safe use has been demonstrated in an individual exception
may be made on the recommendation of the concerned consultant physician
and with the agreement of OC AMU.
Of the statins Pravastatin and Atorvastatin are approved for use by pilots in solo
flight subject to specialist assessment and continuing surveillance; approval is
subject to the agreement of OC AMU. Treatment with these 2 drugs may be
started by an AvMO pending review by a cardiology specialist if required.
Aircrew with safety critical roles are to be grounded for 2 weeks to assess
clinical response. Other statins to be assessed on a case by case basis and
subject to a trial on the ground.
9.3
Homocystinuria
Autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism.
Resembles Marfan’s syndrome.
Risk of major systemic disease including advanced bone age and formation of
thromboemboli.
Unfit aircrew.
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
10.1
Marfan’s
Skeletal and connective tissue weakness with increased risk of severe
Syndrome
injury/illness.
(if proven)
Unfit aircrew.
Partially
Additional information required:
expressed, even if
asymptomatic
To be confirmed by a specialist.
10.2
Other connective
Skeletal and connective tissue weakness with increased risk of severe
tissue disorders:
injury/illness.
Ehlers-Danlos
Unfit aircrew.
Syndrome
Osteogenesis
Imperfecta
11
SURGICAL
Previous cardiac
Most conditions are not compatible with extreme exertion or isolation from
surgery (except for
medical care.
congenital heart
conditions noted
Additional information required.
above)
Full cardiology assessment.
Assessment must address original condition, operation, functional result, and
prognosis.
Depending on the surgical procedure and outcome, the applicant may require
prophylactic antibiotics for future surgical or dental procedures. Cardiological
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opinion must be sought to identify any surveillance and prophylactic antibiotic
requirements.
All such cases are to be reviewed by the OC AMU.
12
OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS
12.1
Recurrent
Often cardiogenic, caused by ventricular tachycardias, cardiomyopathies,
unexplained
valvular disease, congenital heart disease, other arrhythmias.
syncope -including
neurocardiac
Possibly neurogenic.
syncope of central
vasovagal
pathogenesis
Requires access to medical care, regular specialist review.
May include reduced exercise capacity.
Unfit aircrew training.
12.2
Simple vasovagal
Syncope due to vasovagal episodes are common in young people.
episodes
Fit if
serious causes are excluded.
12.3
Cardiomegaly of
Any evidence of cardiac enlargement requires cardiological opinion to
any aetiology with
determine diagnosis. Usually cardiomegaly will be associated with some form of
the exception of
cardiomyopathy (e.g. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy).
proven Athletic
Heart Syndrome
12.4
Athletic Heart
Frequently ECG findings point to a young aircrew applicant having an enlarged
Syndrome
heart and the question arises as to whether this is physiological secondary to
athletic activities or pathological. This often prompts referral for
echocardiography. Often on further assessment by echocardiography dilatation
and enlargement of one or more of the chambers of the heart is noted.
Two main aetiologies of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) are easily excluded
(aortic stenosis and hypertension).
Cardiologist opinion is required for cases where pathology is suspected. Ceasing
all exercise usually reduces the left ventricular wall dimensions to normal in the
‘athletic heart’, whereas this is not the case in a diseased heart.
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Chapter 3: Dermatological system
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important skin disorders.
This section is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important skin conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific problems: Dermatological system
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
FUNCTIONAL
1.1
Anhidrosis
Requires careful regulation of environmental heat and humidity, exercise and
fluid intake. Not suitable for exertion in the tropics. Risk of heat
exhaustion/stroke at relatively low levels of exertion.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
1.2
Hyperhidrosis—
Requires careful regulation of environmental heat and humidity, exercise and
severe generalised
fluid intake: not suitable for exertion in the tropics.
or hand
Risk of dehydration, cramps, fatigue and electrolyte disturbance.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
2.
INFECTIVE
2.1
Acne
Acne lesions may interfere with the ability to wear aircrew life support
equipment, webbing, shoulder harnesses and various items of survival
equipment.
Candidates must be able to wear a respirator and webbing.
Restrictions apply to the use of retinoid medication.
2.1.1
Mild acne
Eruptions: face/chest/back not requiring oral medication.
Aircrew applicant: May be fit.
Serving aircrew: Unlikely to have impact on flying duties.
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2.1.2
Moderate—severe
Aggravation with heat / sweating on face and wearing backpacks and other
acne
equipment.
Aggravation in water/oily, humid atmosphere.
Aircrew applicant: Fitness determined on severity and need for ongoing
treatment.
Any applicant with active lesions or undergoing a course of treatment for acne
with oral retinoids will be temporarily unfit for entry until there are no active
lesions and medication has ceased.
Treatment must have ceased for at least 6 weeks with no lasting adverse effects.
All potential pilots/observers require ophthalmic assessment of night vision,
contrast sensitivity and colour vision at the time of PERSEL.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
Oral retinoids are not to be prescribed to aircrew without discussion with OC
AMU.
Topical retinoids acceptable subject to following:
a. Isotretinoin, Tretinion and Adapalene only.
b. 1 week grounding after commencing.
c. Return to flying following acceptable AvMO review.
2.1.3
Cystic acne
Requires specialist treatment with appropriate medication; e.g. Roaccutane.
Additional information required.
Aircrew applicant: Dermatologist report required.
Difficulty with proper seal on face masks.
Aggravation with aircraft pressurisation, extremes of temperature, oily
atmosphere and protective suits. Suitability for flight screening for pilot
applicants on treatment with retinoid medication such as Roaccutane is to be
discussed with OC AMU.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
2.2
Recurrent
As for chronic skin disease.
boils/carbuncles
Aircrew applicant: Unfit – Review if fully treated and no further boils/carbuncles
for six months.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
2.3
Hidradenitis
Risk of recurrent inflammation and infection; resistant to treatment.
suppurativa
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
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Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity,
particularly if medication is required.
2.4
Tinea—active
Requires treatment with topical or oral antifungal medication and evidence of
complete resolution.
Aircrew applicant: Maybe fit once treatment completed.
Serving aircrew: Unlikely to have impact on flying duties.
2.5
Warts (not genital)
If few, in non-exposed and non-weight bearing areas.
Aircrew applicant: Fit once treatment completed.
Serving aircrew: Unlikely to have impact on flying duties.
2.6
Other warts
Including plantar warts.
Requires treatment and evidence of complete resolution.
Aircrew applicant: Fit once treatment completed.
Serving aircrew: Unlikely to have impact on flying duties.
2.7
Cutaneous
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis may be acquired following service in the tropics. Cases
Leishmaniasis.
usually present weeks to months later as chronic superficial skin ulceration,
unresponsive to conventional antimicrobial therapy. If untreated or
misdiagnosed, the condition may result in extensive tissue damage and scarring.
Untreated South American forms may relapse after many years as
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, causing destruction of the facial area.
Diagnosis involves skin biopsy, and specialised culture of skin specimens for
Leishmania parasites.
Aircrew applicant: May be fit if disease free for 12 months and subject to
specialist dermatology report.
Serving aircrew: All suspected cases are to be grounded and referred to
specialist dermatology for assessment.
3.
INFLAMMATORY/ALLERGIC
3.1
Contact dermatitis
Mild to moderate primary irritant types.
Aircrew applicant: Requires specialist assessment.
Maybe fit once treatment completed if mild and precipitant avoidable NZDF
environment.
Unfit if sensitive to substances which are used in the military (e.g. fuels,
solvents).
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Serving aircrew: Requires dermatology assessment. May require temporary
grounding depending on severity.
3.2
Allergic contact
Confirmed by skin patch testing, to any industrial or occupational allergen likely
dermatitis
to be regularly encountered in military service.
Aircrew applicant: Requires specialist assessment.
Maybe fit once treatment completed if mild and precipitant avoidable NZDF
environment.
Unfit if sensitive to substances which are used in the military (e.g. fuels,
solvents).
Unfit if severe and requires topical and/or oral steroids continuously or more
than two times per year.
Less severe Intermittent topical steroids, for less than a week, 1-2 times per year
only.
Serving aircrew: Requires dermatology assessment. May require temporary
grounding depending on severity.
3.2.1
Mask Dermatitis.
Aircrew may develop mask dermatitis after prolonged wearing of oxygen masks.
This may result from sensitivity to the agents used in cleaning them or from
irritation of an underlying skin condition (e.g. seborrhoea).
Consideration should be given to changing the cleaning products used, limiting
the wearing time, and treatment of underlying conditions. Resistant cases
should be referred locally for consultant dermatology opinion.
3.3
Latex sensitivities
Known sensitivities to latex products.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
3.4
Atopic dermatitis
The main problem in service conditions is widespread eczema or dermatitis
and
affecting the hands and feet.
Eczema
Candidates with a past history of eczema (defined as eczema which has affected
the flexures, or eczema occurring under the age of five) are likely to develop
hand / foot dermatitis in service conditions, especially if working with oils,
greases, detergents etc. It is therefore important that candidates suffering from
or having had atopic eczema are excluded for occupations where hand
dermatitis is likely.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
Candidates with severe active atopic eczema that has been present in the
previous 3 years are unfit for aircrew training. Severe eczema includes those
who have required specialist referral, systemic steroids, immunosuppression or
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strong topical steroids, have suffered from superinfections, and severe eczema
affecting hands and face.
Less severe infrequent episodes managed by emollients and mild to moderate
topical steroids may be suitable.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
Extensive skin disease is not compatible with operational military service; limited
skin disease may be acceptable.
3.5
Evidence of skin
Depends on cause, severity and whether regular medication and specialist
rashes or reactions
review required.
suggestive of
allergic condition
Specialist review either immunologist or dermatologist.
Aircrew applicant: Review on a case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
3.6
Repeated attacks
Or other skin rashes of an allergic nature, particularly when associated with hay
of
fever, asthma or other types of allergic illnesses
urticaria
See also Allergy/Dietary.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
3.7
Chronic
Requires extreme protection from ultraviolet light and is therefore unsuitable
photosensitivity
for military life.
disorder
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
3.8
Chronic/
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
persistent
eczema
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
Extensive skin disease is not compatible with operational military service; limited
skin disease may be acceptable.
3.9
Chronic
As for chronic skin disease.
palmoplantar
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
dermatosis
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
Extensive skin disease is not compatible with operational military service; limited
skin disease may be acceptable.
3.10
Psoriasis
Mild psoriasis does not usually interfere with service life. There is a risk of
moderate to severe exacerbation when individuals are put under emotional or
physical stress.
May be worsened by military conditions.
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Aircrew applicant: Maybe fit if limited to very mild small patches on extensor
surfaces of arms and legs, requiring no medication.
Unfit if chronic, requiring medication, regular topical treatment including strong
steroid creams. Unfit if associated with any joint or other systemic complications
such as psoriatic arthropathy, iritis and bowel disorders.
Serving aircrew: Unlikely to have impact on flying duties if mild.
May require temporary grounding and/or restrictions depending on severity and
if associated with any systemic complications such as psoriatic arthropathy and
bowel disorders.
Aircrew. Oral retinoids are not to be given to aircrew.
4.
SCARRING
4.1
Scars causing
Disfigurement is not a reason unless it interferes with functionality, such as
functional
wearing of protective equipment. Causes interference with mobility, agility
impairment
and/or fine movements; difficulty wearing protective clothing and apparatus.
or disability
Aircrew applicant: Fit unless there are safety implication with use of aircrew life
support equipment.
Serving aircrew: Unlikely to have impact on flying duties unless affecting ability
to safely use aircrew life support equipment.
4.2
Keloid
Active (tender, red) keloid formation.
Aircrew applicant: Fit unless there are safety implications with use of aircrew life
support equipment. Unfit if active, infected or affecting limb function and use of
aircrew life support equipment.
Serving aircrew: Unlikely to have impact on flying duties unless affecting ability
to safely use aircrew life support equipment.
5.
GENERAL
5.1
Body Piercing
All body piercings
.
Aircrew applicant: Fit unless there are safety implications with use of aircrew life
support equipment. Dental assessment required to exclude trauma or infection
to teeth or other structures.
Serving aircrew: Not to be worn when involved in flying duties – See AVOs.
5.2
Chronic skin
Severe ongoing skin disease, localised or generalised, leading to functional
disease:
impairment or disability.
Requires regular specialist review and medication.
Impairs operational deployability.
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Risk of super-added infection. May be associated with other medical conditions.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
Extensive skin disease is not compatible with operational military service; limited
skin disease may be acceptable.
5.3
Pigmented Skin
See malignancy section
.
Lesions.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit until cleared by dermatologist. Unfit if confirmed to
have been malignant. OC AMU waiver maybe applicable if confirmed cure
.
Serving aircrew: All pigmented lesions that may be malignant are to be referred
to the appropriate specialist for excision.
May require temporary grounding depending on histology
.
5.4
Wearing of Beards
A recommendation for aircrew personnel to wear a beard permanently on
medical grounds can only be made following discussion with OC AMU.
Such cases are to be re-referred for review every 2 years.
In the case of aircrew, the beard must not affect the protective neck seal
function of the CBRN aircrew respirator. It should not affect the function of the
oxygen mask assembly.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit if beard required on medical grounds
Serving aircrew: Fit for continued flying duties if they can achieve a satisfactory
respirator seal and who could, in wartime, tolerate the need to shave.
Those whose medical condition precludes any shaving at all. AvMOs are to
ensure that these personnel are graded P3 A3 – G3 Unfit non-aircrew
respirators.
Bearded aircrew are not to use Vaseline/petroleum jelly, hair wax/gel to effect a
respirator seal or when using oxygen mask assembly.
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Chapter 4: Ear, Nose and Throat System
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important ENT conditions or disorders.
This sections is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important ENT conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
The nose and throat are the first lines of defence for screening of foreign bodies such
as infection and allergens. Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections may cause significant
morbidity and time off work. Resultant impairment of hearing from such infections may
impair job performance, particularly in combat situations where communication is
paramount. In some situations masks are an essential item of personal protection
equipment (PPE), e.g. oxygen masks for aircrew and divers, self-breathing apparatus for
firefighters and chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear protection for all personnel. The
requirement to travel in aircraft is essential for military personnel. Careful assessment of the
ears, nose and throat (ENT) is mandatory for some occupations due to the environmental
hazards of altitude or depth and the physiological challenges of those hazards.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be directed to OC
AMU.
Specific Problems: Ear, nose and throat system
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
EARS
1.1
Radical
May be acceptable, provided that the ear is healthy, the tympanic membrane
mastoidectomy
and posterior canal wall are intact and there is no defect in the hearing,
with
otherwise unfit.
intact tympanic
membrane
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Following cortical
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
mastoid operation
and a mastoid
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
tympanoplasty
1.2
Otitis Externa (OE)
Severe and
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
recurrent (i.e.
recurring so
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
frequently that the
Likely to require deployment restrictions.
ears must be kept
dry at all times).
Single episode or
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
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occasional with
complete recovery
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. Will
require short term grounding until recovered.
Multiple episodes
Aircrew applicants: Unfit, unless the cause of the episodes has been identified,
in a 12 month
is self-limiting and treatment has been successful with no recurrence.
period
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. Will
require short term grounding until recovered.
Recurrent e.g.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
‘swimmer’s ear’
(OE due to water
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
exposure)
require long term restrictions.
1.3
Otitis media
Aircrew applicants: Usually associated with upper respiratory tract infection.
Acute
Fit if one off and after full recovery.
Serving aircrew: Unfit flying until full resolution off medication.
Recurrent/chronic
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require long term restrictions/grounding. Consider assessment with hypobaric
chamber (clinical profile).
1.3.1
Cholesteatoma
Chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma invariably requires surgical
treatment. Whether surgery is radical or conservative there are problems in
predicting long term fitness for military service. The high incidence of recurrent
or residual disease in conservative (canal wall up) procedures indicates a high
risk of further radical surgery becoming necessary. All types of procedure for
cholesteatoma commit individuals to long-term follow-up in an ENT clinic.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Aircrew duties will rarely be possible. Eustachian tube function is almost always
impaired. In highly favourable cases where the mastoid cavity remains quiescent
a return to restricted flying duties may be possible following ENT and OC AMU
review. Aircrew will remain unfit HUET/dunker and wet dinghy training.
1.4
Presence of
Candidates for aircrew selection are unfit if they have a grommet in-situ or are
grommets
unable to demonstrate patency of their eustachian tubes.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
continue to fly but require restrictions.
1.5
Hearing loss
Members must respond rapidly to orders given against a high level of
A Hearing standard
background noise and/or confusion. Job requires use of high tech
is to be applied
communications devices. Impaired hearing may cause delays in response time
following
and a requirement for repetition. Mission completion and safety may be
audiogram and
compromised.
Applicants must
meet
Risk of further hearing loss due to hazardous noise exposure in NZDF
the appropriate HS
Operations.
for aircrew without
the use of hearing
Aircrew applicants: H1 standards required.
aid (or cochlear
implant)
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require restrictions and more frequent audiometry. To wear hearing protection
when exposed to loud noise (TWHPWETLN).
Moderate hearing loss in the absence of other symptoms such as tinnitus and
vertigo, can usually be compensated for by amplification of sound in headsets.
Where continued safe operation is identified as a problem by flying supervisors,
it will be necessary to ground the affected aircrew member.
1.5.1
Acoustic Neuroma
Aircrew applicants: Candidates with a history of acoustic neuroma who fail to
(vestibular
achieve the required auditory standard are considered unfit. ENT report
schwannoma)
required.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Normally a history of acoustic neuroma is incompatible with aircrew duties.
1.6
Meniere’s disease
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Triad of vertigo,
hearing loss and
Serving aircrew: The diagnosis of Ménière’s disease is normally incompatible
tinnitus may be
with aircrew duties due to the unpredictable course of the disease and
due to Meniere’s
associated safety implications.
disease
1.7
Vertigo
Minor or moderately large local reactions.
Consider Immunologist opinion
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Recurrent or
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
chronic
Single episode
Additional information required:
ENT review. 12 months must have elapsed after a single, significant episode.
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Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis if NO underlying pathology, no
increased risk of recurrence. Unfit if presence of underlying pathology and the
need for ongoing treatment.
1.8
Tinnitus
Established, permanent and severe or compromising function.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Unfit flying until fully symptom free or stable and not
interfering with function.
If the cause is
Additional information required:
reversible e.g.
drug toxicity,
ENT assessment must confirm the cause.
acoustic trauma or
head trauma
A minimum of 12 months must have elapsed since cessation of symptoms.
Recovery must be complete with no indication of recurrence. Normal
audiometry.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis – other factors may be more
relevant i.e. severity of head injury.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Unfit flying until fully symptom free or stable and not
interfering with function – other factors may be more relevant i.e. severity of
head injury.
1.9
Otosclerosis with
Risk of further hearing loss with unforeseen noise exposure.
or without
stapedectomy
Risk of fistula formation with minimal pressure changes with subsequent
extreme debility. Requires regular ENT reviews and eventual surgery.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Unfit flying until symptom free or stable and not
interfering with function. May require deployment restrictions.
1.10
Perforations of the
tympanic
membranes
Healed
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis. ENT review and report
(spontaneous) and
required. Temp unfit 3 months.
hearing within
required limits
Serving aircrew: Following perforation of the TM, aircrew are to be grounded
until it has healed. If tympanoplasty is required, the individual should remain
grounded (A4) until normal drum mobility is demonstrated at ENT review.
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Unhealed 6 weeks
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
post
perforation
History of surgical
ENT report at least 12 months post-surgery to confirm success (including
correction
clearance to swim and fly) and hearing within required limits.
Aircrew applicants: Case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Unfit flying until cleared by specialist. Consider
hypobaric chamber assessment (clinical profile).
1.11
Any other chronic
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
ear disease or
surgical procedures
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
of the ear including
Requires specialist review. Unfit flying until cleared by specialist. Consider
conditions of the
hypobaric chamber assessment (clinical profile).
external canal,
tympanic
membrane, middle
ear, inner ear,
eustachian tubes or
mastoid
2.
NOSE
2.1
Allergic Rhinitis
New generation oral antihistamines are effective and have been shown to have
(Hay fever)
minimal effects on performance. These antihistamines should only be used in
aircrew if topical preparations have proved ineffective or intolerable. The
approved antihistamines for aircrew use are Loratadine, Desloratadine and
Fexofenadine.
Chronic and/or
Risk of exacerbation in military operations: dust, smoke, heat, poor ventilation,
severe and
high pollen count.
applicants with
perennial rhinitis
May not be able to wear a mask.
Requires long-term medication or ENT surgery.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require long term restrictions.
Following
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
completion
of desensitisation
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Mild/occasional,
Not requiring regular medication or well controlled on intermittent OTC
Minor hay fever
medication. If in doubt, obtain specialist opinion.
symptoms
or a simple stuffy
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis. GP report required. May be fit.
nose
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
See policy on Medication and Aircrew – antihistamines.
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2.2
Nasal
Requires regular ENT review and possible surgery.
obstruction—due
to deviated
Aircrew applicants: ENT report required. Unfit until treated.
septum,
hypertrophic
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
rhinitis, polyps, or
other causes, or
Consider hypobaric chamber assessment (clinical profile).
associated with
history of chronic
sinusitis or acute
Upper Respiratory
Tract Infections
Non-surgical
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
management -
severe seasonal
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
allergic rhinitis (hay
fever) requiring
Consider hypobaric chamber assessment (clinical profile). May require long term
regular Medication
restrictions.
/topical nasal spray
If surgery required
May be suitable a minimum of 6 months after surgery, subject to a favourable
ENT assessment.
Unfit if persisting nasal obstruction.
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit. Accept if symptom free and capable of effective
Valsalva.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Consider hypobaric chamber assessment (clinical profile).
2.3
Sinusitis
Serving aircrew who develop recurrent sinus barotrauma may be successfully
Chronic or
managed with nasal steroids but surgical treatment involving endoscopic sinus
frequently
may be required. Most aircrew return to unrestricted flying duties following such
recurring. The
treatment. A trial of a decompression chamber run simulating ascent and
definition of
descent, found in the type of aircraft used, is recommended before returning to
chronic sinusitis is
duty.
any of the following
occurring for two
Aircrew applicants: Unfit. Exceptionally, candidates will be accepted following
to four weeks at a
sinus surgery subject to satisfactory assessment by a RNZAF approved ENT
time,
surgeon.
three to four times
per year:
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
• severe headache
require long term restrictions.
• toothache
• fever
• malaise
• chronic nasal
congestion
• discoloured
nasal discharge
More than one
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
episode, even if
occasional episode
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of mild sinusitis
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
resolving
Consider hypobaric chamber assessment (clinical profile). May require long term
with short-term
restrictions.
treatment
2.4
Epistaxis
Recurrent (approx. more than 1 episode per week over 3 months or more).
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Temp unfit until fully treated.
Successfully treated (no recurrence in 6 months).
Aircrew applicants: ENT report required.
Serving aircrew: Temp unfit until fully treated then 1 week stand down.
2.5
Anosmia
Anosmia means an absence of a sense of smell. It can be temporary or
permanent and the former is very common. Anosmia may be a primary
condition, but this is rare; secondary anosmia is more usual. Conditions giving
rise to anosmia are usually those of the nose or sinuses (colds, hay fever,
vasomotor rhinitis, sinusitis etc) but can include neurological conditions.
Aircrew applicants: ENT report required.
Serving aircrew: If permanent anosmia is suspected, referral for a specialist ENT
opinion is essential to exclude any underlying cause. If confirmed,
uncomplicated permanent anosmia will result in the award of a G3 medical
marker.
3.
THROAT
3.1
Laryngeal disease
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
causing dysphonia
e.g. chronic
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
laryngitis, vocal
nodules, laryngeal
papillomatosis
3.2
Tonsillitis—severe
Maybe acceptable if no recurrences for 12 months.
and/or recurrent
(five or more
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
episodes in the last
year)
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Following
Aircrew applicants: Acceptable at six weeks after surgery if:
tonsillectomy
a. the operation was successful;
b. recovery was uncomplicated by haemorrhage or infection;
c. returned to full physical activity; and
d. function.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. Fit to
fly subject to ENT/SMO AvMed review.
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3.3
Obstructive sleep
Risk of daytime drowsiness, poor concentration, rapid fatigue; cardiovascular
apnoea/Hypopnea
and respiratory complications; sudden death.
Syndrome (OSAHS)
It has been associated with an increased risk of road traffic accidents.
Requires Continuous Positive Airways Pressure machine which cannot normally
be supported at sea, in the field or any operational environment. Often
associated with other problems such as obesity.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: On confirmation of a diagnosis of OSAHS, serving personnel are
to be downgraded Z4 and G3/4 (dependent upon trade), ‘Unfit service outside
base areas’; ‘Unfit to undertake service driving’; ‘Unfit handling live arms’.
Aircrew are to be made A4. Other limitations may be required depending on the
nature of the work undertaken.
Return to flying duties will be dependent on the success of treatment as
assessed by lab based sleep studies. Those showing a satisfactory response to
behavioural modification or oral appliances may return to flying A3, ‘Unfit solo
pilot - must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’ and Z4, ‘Unfit service
outside base areas’. If the improvement is maintained at one year, an
unrestricted medical category may be appropriate. Those responding to surgery
may return to unrestricted flying once lab-based sleep studies have shown a
satisfactory response. Those requiring CPAP are to be made A3, ‘Unfit solo pilot -
must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’ (or equivalent for other aircrew
as practicable) and Z4, ‘Unfit service outside base areas’. After one year, if lab-
based sleep studies show a satisfactory response the A3 limitation may be
removed.
3.4
Cleft lip/plate
Successful surgical correction with good result and clear effective
speech/communication.
Aircrew applicants: To be assessed on a case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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Chapter 5: Endocrine and Metabolic Systems
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important endocrine conditions or metabolic
disorders.
2.
This sections is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important endocrine conditions or metabolic conditions relating to aviation
in the NZDF.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be directed to
OC AMU.
Specific problems: Endocrine and metabolic systems
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
CONGENITAL / DEVELOPMENT
1.1
Feminisation of
May require ongoing medication. May have severe psychological sequelae.
males/virilisation
Therefore generally not compatible with military life.
of females
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.
WEIGHT DISORDERS
2.1
Acceptable weight
See anthropometry policy: Health Standard: MS-ENV-AIR-007: Aircrew
range: Body mass
Anthropometry.
index (BMI) 18 – 33
Aircrew applicants: All applicants are required to pass the pre-enlistment fitness
assessment (PFA) and undergo anthropometric assessment subject to aircrew
role.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Anthropometric standards apply for specific aircraft roles.
2.2
Over acceptable
Correlation with poor aerobic fitness and risk of stress injury. Further
weight range:
information may be obtained from GP on the applicant’s body habitus (paying
attention to muscle bulk and fat distribution). In addition the applicant must
BMI >33.0 but < 36
provide a detailed account of his/her current sporting/exercise interests
including intensity levels.
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit weight loss to BMI 32.9 or lower has been
maintained for six months and there are no complications from obesity (or as
required for role).
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require restrictions depending on aircrew role and aircraft type, with reduced
grading duration i.e. R 3- 6.
Weight over 125 Kg
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
or BMI 36 or more
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. Will
require short term grounding until acceptable weight achieved.
2.3
Under acceptable
Aircrew applicants: Acceptable if there are no other health problems and satisfy
weight range: BMI
anthropometric standards for aircrew role. All applicants are separately required
less than 18
to pass the pre-enlistment fitness assessment (PFA).
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Anthropometric standards apply for specific aircraft roles.
If due to an eating
See Annex M
disorder
2.3.1
If due to
Assess on merits.
developmental
abnormality, or due
Aircrew applicants: May require deferral i.e. temp unfit. But acceptable if there
to immaturity
are no other health problems and satisfy anthropometric standards for aircrew
role. All applicants are separately required to pass the pre-enlistment fitness
assessment (PFA).
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Anthropometric standards apply for specific aircraft roles.
3.
ADRENAL
3.1
Cushing’s disease
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
and Addison’s
disease
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.2
Adrenal tumour
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
with
hypersecretion and
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
subclinical
Cushing’s disease
4.
REPRODUCTIVE
4.1
Male
See annex G.
4.2
Female
See annex H.
5.
PANCREAS
5.1
Diabetes mellitus
Disabilities and complications resulting from DM and its treatment fall into three
(DM)
time-frames which have different implications for operational effectiveness and
including type I,
employability:
type II,
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insulinopathies,
a.
Sudden Incapacitation. Hypoglycaemia is an inherent risk of insulin and many
maturity onset
other antidiabetic drugs. This risk can only be reduced, not eliminated.
diabetes of young
b.
Medium-term Illness. Infections, metabolic derangements and fluid imbalance
people and
may cause incapacitation over several hours to a few days.
endocrinopathies
with associated
c.
Long-term Complications. Cardiovascular, renal, neurological and ophthalmic
diabetes.
complications are a function of the duration and adequacy of control of the
disease.
DM should be
distinguished from
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
impaired fasting
glucose (IFG) and
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
impaired glucose
tolerance (IGT).
Regardless of previous treatment, whenever a new antidiabetic medication is
started, individuals are to be made ‘Unfit service outside base areas’ and ‘Unfit
flying duties’ (as applicable), for a minimum of 3 months; additional limitations
may be necessary depending on occupation.
Relaxation of these restrictions will only be considered when there is evidence of
adequate glycaemic control, absence of side effects of treatment and acceptable
cardiovascular risk.
Where two or more classes of antidiabetic medications are used, the most
restrictive drug will usually determine the disposition. The glucagon-like peptide-
1 analogues are administered by subcutaneous injection and may be impractical
in some situations e.g. operational flying.
5.2
Pre-diabetes
Recruits with a history of IFG, IGT or DM are permanently unfit service.
(HbA1c in
pre-diabetic range)
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
or treated with diet
alone, with
impaired glucose
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
tolerance
5.3
Glycosuria—
Additional information required: Requires specialist assessment to exclude
positive
underlying serious condition (diabetes or renal tubular defects).
history of
glycosuria
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit 6 months – assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Management of Aircrew:
Aircrew and controllers with suspected IFG, IGT or DM:
a.
Investigation: Whilst investigations are ongoing, aircrew and controllers are
unfit service outside base areas and unfit flying/controlling. Those with IFG
or IGT can expect to be awarded an unrestricted medical grade. Those with
DM will only be considered for an unrestricted medical grade after a period
of 6 months.
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b.
Treatment with Diet, Exercise and Weight Loss: Aircrew who respond to
lifestyle changes may be awarded an unrestricted medical grade, with G3
marker.
c.
Treatment with Antidiabetic Drugs:
I.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose), biguanides (metformin) and
thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) are compatible with unrestricted flying
duties; with the exception of when metformin and pioglitazone are
used together in which case only a return to restricted duties is possible
i.e. ‘Unfit solo pilot – must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’ /
‘Fit to control only when another controller is on duty and in close
proximity’.
II.
Aircrew and controllers taking glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues
(exenatide and liraglutide) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors
(saxagliptin, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin) are permanently ‘Unfit service
outside of base areas’ and ‘Unfit solo pilot – must fly with a pilot
suitably qualified on type’ / ‘Fit to control only when another controller
is on duty and in close proximity’.
III.
Insulin, sulphonylureas and meglitinides are incompatible with aircrew
or controller duties.
6.
PARATHYROID
6.1
Hyper-
Risk of hypercalcaemia, osteoporosis and/or calcium stone formation.
parathyroidism
Requires regular monitoring.
6.1.1
Primary or
Requires regular specialist review and blood tests. May develop
secondary
neurobehavioural symptoms incompatible with Service life.
hyper-
parathyroidism
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Unfit flying until symptom free or stable and not
interfering with function. May require deployment restrictions and unfit solo
role.
6.1.2
Hyper-
Aircrew applicants: Temp Unfit 2 years.
parathyroidism
due to parathyroid
May be suitable if the all following apply:
adenoma
a. no recurrence of tumour;
b. normal calcium levels;
c. no evidence of osteoporosis; and
d. no requirement for regular medication
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Unfit flying until symptom free or stable and not
interfering with function. May require deployment restrictions and unfit solo
role.
6.2
Hypo-
Risk of hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and/or osteoporosis.
parathyroidism
(any cause)
Most cases require long-term vitamin D and calcium supplements.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Unfit flying until symptom free or stable and not
interfering with function. May require deployment restrictions and unfit solo
role.
7.
PITUITARY
7.1
Acromegaly
Requires regular medication; regular specialist review and blood tests;
hospitalisation and specialist care following infections, accidents and injuries.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review.
7.2
Pituitary tumour
Risk of sequelae: headaches, visual field defects, and hypopituitarism.
Requires regular specialist review. May require neurosurgery or multiple
hormone replacement.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Likely to be A4 permanently.
8.
THYROID
All aircrew and controllers with new onset of thyroid disease are to be made
‘unfit’ for flying or controlling duties and are to be referred for specialist opinion.
Once treatment is stabilised and the clinical state is euthyroid, a return to
limited flying/controlling duties can be considered. The approach to further
upgrading should be cautious and should only be undertaken with the close
involvement of a service approved physician. A return to unrestricted
flying/controlling duties may be authorised after a period of specialist
surveillance.
8.1
Goitre
Any history of goitre requires:
a. A favourable surgical opinion which excludes any pathological cause such as
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
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b. Normal thyroid function tests.
c. Normal thyroid scan.
d. Negative for thyroid antibodies.
Simple, non-toxic
Frequently noted at puberty or during pregnancy. They are small with no
diffuse or non-toxic
complications and the patient is euthyroid.
nodular
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Following surgical
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
or
medical ablation
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
requiring thyroxine
supplementation
Other goitres
May be considered after successful completion of treatment and:
a. no complication;
b. no increased risk of carcinoma;
c. no requirement for medication; and
d. no requirement for regular surveillance.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
8.2
Hyperthyroidism
Individuals being treated with either Carbimazole or Propylthiouracil are to be
awarded ‘Unfit for service outside base areas’. Additionally they are to be made
Z5 ‘Fit to serve in the NZ only’ for at least 6 months whilst treatment is titrated
and stabilised. If symptomatic and biochemical stabilisation for six months is
achieved then individuals may be Z4. The same grading is to apply to those who
are placed on ‘block and replace’ therapy. The approach to further upgrading
should be cautious and should only be undertaken with the close involvement of
a service approved physician. Many patients will go into a period of remission
and medical treatment can be stopped. However approximately 50% of this
group will experience a relapse of thyrotoxicosis within 1 year of ceasing
treatment. As such, when individuals cease drug treatment they are also to be
downgraded Z5 ‘Fit to serve in the NZ only’ for a period of at least 1 year. A
history of treatment with radioactive iodine is compatible with an unrestricted
medical category after specialist assessment. There is a high rate of
development of hypothyroidism after this treatment, in which case individuals
should be treated as for that condition. Surgery is now rarely used to treat
thyrotoxicosis but is also compatible with an unrestricted (G3).
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8.2.1
Subclinical
Depends on need for ongoing treatment, presence of symptoms and a need for
hyperthyroidism
monitoring. Endocrine opinion required.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
8.3
Graves’ syndrome
Require regular medication, regular specialist review and blood tests. Risk of
hypothyroidism following treatment or in course of disease; risk of thyroid
storm, infiltrative ophthalmopathy, atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed as above.
8.4
Toxic multinodular
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
goitre/toxic
adenoma
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
(Plummer’s
Requires specialist review. Likely to be A3/4 permanently.
disease)
8.5
Thyroid
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Stimulating
Hormone (TSH)—
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
producing pituitary
Requires specialist review. Likely to be A4 permanently.
tumour
8.6
Malignancies of
Aircrew applicants: Unfit
the thyroid
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Likely to be A4 permanently.
8.7
Hypothyroidism
Thyroxine levels vary with activity. Risk of reduced cognitive function and
physical fitness with intercurrent disease or interruption to drug replacement
therapy. Increased incidence of other auto-immune disorders.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review.
Mild subclinical
Review recommended every 6 to 12 months. In patients with microsomal
hypothyroid
(thyroid peroxidase) antibodies the conversion rate from subclinical to overt
dysfunction
hypothyroidism is at least 5% a year. Can be associated with depression.
(elevated serum
TSH without
Aircrew applicants: Unfit
symptoms)
Serving aircrew: Sub-clinical hypothyroidism (raised TSH with normal T3/T4)
requires specialist referral for investigation and follow-up. Provided the
assessment is satisfactory an unrestricted grade may be possible (G3). Long-term
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replacement therapy with Thyroxine is potentially also compatible with an
unrestricted G3 grade.
8.8
Specific conditions
Requires regular specialist review and blood tests.
associated with
hypothyroidism:
Requires regular medication with significant functional consequences if supply
autoimmune
interrupted.
thyroiditis, post-
therapeutic
radioactive iodine
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
treatment,
goitrous
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
hypothyroidism,
Requires specialist review.
post-
thyroidectomy
8.9
Hypothalamic-
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
pituitary axis
failure
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Likely to be A4 permanently.
8.10
Subacute
Often self-limiting but may recur or progress to hypothyroidism.
thyroiditis
(De Quervain’s)
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit 2 years (after resolution).
May be acceptable if:
a. thyroid function has returned to normal; and
b. no recurrence of symptoms, and appropriate specialist opinion.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review.
9.
METABOLIC
9.1
Gout
Gout is often associated with renal and cardiovascular disease, diabetes and lipid
disturbance. Requires regulation of diet and fluid intake. Often requires regular
medication. Risk of recurrent acute joint pain and swelling, loss of function;
chronic joint deformities; renal dysfunction.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
9.2
Haemo-
See Annex M
chromatosis
Homozygous and
Heterozygous
9.3
Wilson’s disease
Requires regular specialist review; lifelong treatment with chelating agents.
(inherited copper
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toxicosis). Family
history or personal
Risk of acute psychosis, acute haemolytic anaemia, chronic hepatitis, renal
history.
failure and slow neurological degeneration.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Likely to be A4 permanently.
9.4
Peripheral
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
neuropathy from
any metabolic
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
cause
Requires specialist review. Likely to be A3/A4 permanently.
10.
ALLERGY / ANAPHYLAXIS see Allergy / Dietary: Annex A
11.
Reserved
12.
ADVERSE DRUG INTERACTIONS
12.1
Malignant
High risk of muscle hypermetabolism triggered by inhalational anaesthetics or by
hyperthermia (MH) succinylcholine.
Also increased risk of heat injury and exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Likely to be A3/A4 permanently.
Family history of
Requires muscle biopsy and/or genetic assay to exclude condition in candidate.
MH
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. Likely to be A3/A4 permanently.
13.
OTHERS
13.1
Any history of
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
chronic or
acute endocrine
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
conditions
Requires specialist review.
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Chapter 6: Gastrointestinal System
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important gastrointestinal conditions and
disorders.
2.
This sections is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important gastrointestinal conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
3.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific problems: Gastrointestinal system
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
STOMACH/DUODENUM/OESOPHAGUS
1.1
Gastro-
Will require specialist assessment to distinguish between mild and serious cases.
oesophageal
reflux disease
Mild intermittent
The candidate will be required to provide information on the frequency,
disease—
severity, duration of symptoms and on the requirement for medication both
(occasional mild
prescribed and OTC. If any doubt exists on the history as given by the applicant
episodes which
referral to a gastroenterologist is to be sought.
may be related to
Dietary
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis. Fit if not requiring treatment
indiscretion)
with H2 antagonists or proton pump inhibitors.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Mild to moderate
Responded to four-to-eight week course of proton pump inhibitors.
disease (symptoms
No symptoms for six months following cessation of medication.
experienced on
most days)
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis. Fit if normal endoscopy and
accompanying gastroenterologist report and If no medication required long-
term.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Severe—if requiring Risk of development of Barrett’s metaplasia (Pre-malignant condition).
long term dietary
changes and
Also problems associated with special diets, pharmaceutical resupply, especially
medication, or
during deployments.
multiple recurrent
episodes
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
1.2
Non-ulcer
These may be worsened or exacerbated by military conditions. Increased risk of
dyspepsia
multiple medical presentations, investigations and potential medication. All
Types: functional
require specialist assessment to distinguish between mild and serious cases.
type, irritable
upper digestive
tract (similar to
Irritable Bowel
Syndrome (IBS) of
lower GIT tract)
Ulcer-like dyspepsia
Dysmotility-like
dyspepsia
Unspecified
dyspepsia Reflux-
like dyspepsia
Occasional attacks
Aircrew applicants: Temp Unfit - Off medication and symptom free for six
of symptoms not
months.
causing any
significant absence
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
from school or
work and not
requiring treatment
by H2 antagonists
or proton pump
inhibitors
If ongoing
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
treatment is
required or has
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
been required for
require role and deployment restrictions.
more than six
months within the
previous 2 years
1.3
Peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcer caused
If proven cure of H. pylori and no requirement for ongoing medication may be
by H. pylori
acceptable for entry.
Aircrew applicants: Temp Unfit - Off medication and symptom free for 12
months.
Serving aircrew: Aircrew are to be grounded following initial endoscopic
diagnosis. After completion of a course of ulcer healing therapy, together with H
pylori eradication treatment where appropriate, endoscopic follow up to 2-3
months should take place. Evidence of both complete ulcer healing and H pylori
eradication permits upgrading to in uncomplicated cases.
Peptic ulcer caused
Peptic ulcer resulting from NSAID may not be serious, however, likely to be
by
recurrent and will limit treatment options for musculoskeletal problems during
training and service. Requires satisfactory specialist report confirming low risk of
recurrence.
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short-term use of
NSAID (for less than
Aircrew applicants: Temp Unfit - Off medication and symptom free for 12
one month)
months.
Serving aircrew: Aircrew are to be grounded following initial endoscopic
diagnosis. After completion of a course of ulcer healing therapy, together
endoscopic follow up to 2-3 months should take place. Evidence of complete
ulcer healing permits upgrading in uncomplicated cases.
Acid hypersecretion Requires long-term specialist review and medication. Increased mortality.
(Zollinger-Ellison
etc)
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Aircrew are to be grounded following initial endoscopic
diagnosis. Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
Perforated peptic
Disqualifying for all applicants. Risk of gastric barotrauma.
ulcer
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Aircrew are to be grounded following diagnosis. Will require
role and deployment restrictions. Individuals are to be made ‘unfit for service
outside base areas’, for 6 month before considering a return to an unrestricted
category (subject to satisfactory endoscopic review).
1.4
Gastritis
Risk of recurrent pain, nausea and vomiting; bleeding; perforation +/- peritonitis;
post-healing obstruction; recurrent ulceration and malignancy.
Additional information required:
All require specialist assessment to distinguish between mild and serious
Cases.
Chronic or
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
recurrent gastritis
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
Haemorrhagic
Concerns relate to risks of above plus underlying cause.
erosive
usually related to
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
alcohol or
NSAID
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
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Non-erosive
Aircrew applicants: Temp Unfit - Off medication and symptom free for six
chronic gastritis
months.
associated with H.
pylori
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
1.5
Hiatus hernia
Hiatus hernia is common in reflux disease. Hiatus hernia increases the likelihood
that reflux will occur but the presence of a hiatus hernia does not necessarily
mean that reflux disease is present. Severe disease may cause disabling
dyspepsia, oesophageal erosion and haemorrhage. Need for regular meals, and
regular medication. Often unable to sleep flat. May require surgery.
Mild intermittent
Aircrew applicants: Temp Unfit - Off medication and symptom free for six
symptoms
months.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Moderate to severe Severe reflux disease poorly responding to medical treatment is an indication for
Symptoms and
surgery.
Post-surgery
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
1.6
Gastric stapling or
Indicates serious underlying eating disorder / morbid obesity. Requirement for
similar surgery
dietary restrictions. Risk of malabsorption, adhesions and abdominal pain; early
degenerative arthritis.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
2.
SMALL AND LARGE BOWEL
2.1
Abdominal
May lead to Recurrent acute abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, strangulation,
adhesions
perforation and haemorrhage requiring urgent surgical intervention.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
2.2
Chronic diarrhoea
Acceptable after full recovery.
for more than one
month
Aircrew applicants: Temp Unfit - Off medication and symptom free for six
Due to infection
months.
(e.g. giardiasis or
secondary lactose
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
intolerance)
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Unknown cause
Aircrew applicants: Temp Unfit – Assess on case by case basis. Off medication
and symptom free for six months.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.3
Frequent bowel
Additional information required:
actions— more
than four per day.
Full investigation including exclusion of:
a. laxative abuse;
b. malabsorption with weight loss, muscle wasting and anaemia;
c. inflammatory with fever, pain, weight loss and bleeding; or
d. other infective causes such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus,
cryptosporidiosis, Yersinia and non-typhoidal salmonella.
Treatable with no
Symptoms resolved.
requirement for
ongoing
Aircrew applicants: Temp Unfit – Assess on case by case basis. Off medication
medications
and symptom free for six months.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Untreatable or
Assess on merits.
requirement
for ongoing
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
medication
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
2.4
Chronic
Applicants who require strict dietary restrictions, medication or over the counter
constipation
laxatives on an ongoing basis.
Supply of these preparations may not be available on operational deployment.
Symptoms of severe constipation can be incapacitating and could be confused
with acute abdomen.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
2.5
Malabsorption
Many diseases or their consequences can cause malabsorption. The commonest
syndromes result
causes of malabsorption are included(but not limited to):
from impaired
absorption of
a. Carbohydrate intolerance;
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nutrients from the
small bowel.
b. Coeliac disease;
c. Tropical Sprue;
d. Whipple’s disease;
e. Intestinal Lymphangiectasia;
f. Short bowel syndrome.
In general any condition which leads to malabsorption including the
consequences of surgery.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
2.5.1
Coeliac disease
Obligatory dietary restrictions and inability to take some medications. Risk of
abdominal pain, diarrhoea and malabsorption. Risk of dermatitis herpetiformis,
insulin-dependent diabetes, splenic atrophy, osteoporosis, malignancy, alopecia,
impaired fertility and neurological disease.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require long term role and deployment restrictions (A3/4), in order to ensure
that they can be guaranteed access to suitable diets at all times.
2.6
Crohn’s disease
Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammation is
often focal and transmural. Considerations are as for coeliac disease plus:
a. Malabsorption;
b. bowel obstruction;
c. abscess and fistula formation;
d. perianal fissure or fistula;
e. malignancy; or
f. multiple extra-intestinal complications requiring specialist care.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unlikely to be compatible with unrestricted or deployed flying duties.
Management of Aircrew:
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Initially aircrew are to be grounded and awarded the limitation Z5, NZ only.
Provided they are in full clinical remission with no objective evidence of active
disease, complications or drug side effects, a return to restricted duties may be
possible (‘Unfit solo pilot – must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’, ‘Fit to
control only when another controller is on duty and in close proximity’ and ‘Unfit
for service outside base areas’). Specialist advice is required and each case is to
be considered on its merits.
2.7
Diverticular
Risk of recurrent abdominal pain, pericolic abscess formation; fistula;
disease
perforation +/- peritonitis; bowel obstruction and bleeding.
Uncomplicated
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
and asymptomatic
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Bleeding and other
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
severe symptoms
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unlikely to be compatible with flying duties.
2.8
Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a mucosal disease that is confined to the colon. Risk of acute
and ulcerative
abdominal pain requiring hospital and specialist care. Risk of anorexia, vomiting,
proctitis
weight loss; diarrhoea +/- blood; perforation +/- peritonitis. Increased incidence
of carcinoma of colon.
Multiple extra-intestinal complications requiring specialist care.
Requires dietary modification and medication.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unlikely to be compatible with unrestricted flying duties.
Management of Aircrew:
Initially aircrew are to be grounded and awarded the limitation Z5 NZ only.
Individuals with distal disease (inflammation confined to the rectum or sigmoid
colon) may be considered for a return to limited flying duties, provided they are
in full clinical remission with no objective evidence of active disease and no
complications or drug side effects. These individuals are to be awarded the
limitations ‘Unfit solo pilot – must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’
‘Unfit for service outside base areas’ but may be ‘Fit detachments outside of
base areas for up to 30 days’ – or equivalent for other aircrew roles where
practicable.
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More extensive disease is associated with a higher incidence of complications
and relapses, and will require permanent restrictions. Extensive or total colitis
will rarely be considered compatible with continued flying duties.
Individuals in whom the initial inflammatory disease was restricted to the
rectum, and who suffer no relapses over a 2-year period of observation, may be
considered for upgrading to G3 without restrictions provided there is no
evidence of active disease (biopsy proven) and they remain on maintenance
treatment only.
2.9
Irritable bowel
Affects about 15 per cent of the population of Western countries.
Syndrome
(IBS)
Recurrent abdominal pain and alteration of bowel function may disrupt Service
life, therefore, will depend on severity and ability to self-manage even on
deployment. Multiple medical presentations, investigations and potential
medication. Consider psychological issues.
If severe or
Possible need for dietary manipulation not readily available in military.
complicated,
requiring regular
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
medication
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unlikely to be compatible with flying duties.
If symptoms minor
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
and
easily self-managed
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.10
Colonic polyps
Colonic polyps are increasingly being found in younger people especially in those
with a family history of colon cancer.
Additional information required:
History of any polyps of the colon and rectum requires assessment by a
gastroenterologist or surgeon to determine the risk of recurrence or malignancy
and need for surveillance.
2.10.1
Hereditary
A patient with hereditary polyposis will require either a total colectomy and
(familial) polyposis
ileorectal anastomosis, or a restorative proctocolectomy. These patients need
regular review as they can develop tumours elsewhere in the gastrointestinal
tract.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require long term role and deployment restrictions.
2.11
Lactose intolerance Malabsorption of dietary lactose in the small intestine results in gastrointestinal
symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, passage of loose, watery stools, and
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excessive flatus. Many individuals adjust their intake of milk or dairy product to
suit personal preference and this should not be confused with proven lactose
intolerance.
Minor symptoms
Where doubt exists the candidate is to have lactose tolerance testing to confirm
with ingestion of
diagnosis. If diagnosis confirmed suitability for entry should be determined on
milk or milk
the results of testing and severity of symptoms.
product
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Major symptoms
Unable to tolerate milk products even in other foods such as breads, cereals,
(significant
confectionary.
diarrhoea,
bloating, pain with
Need for special diet may not be met on deployment.
minor ingestion)
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require long term role and deployment restrictions.
2.12
Miscellaneous
Risk of recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhoea +/- blood.
colitides
Such as:
Specialist assessment to distinguish between severe and transient cases.
• Collagenous
colitis;
If severe, complicated, requiring chronic medications.
• Microscopic
lymphocytic colitis;
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
• Ischaemic colitis;
• Clostridium
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
difficile
require long term role and deployment restrictions.
colitis; and
• Non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory
drugs induced
colitis
3.
GALL BLADDER
3.1
Cholecystitis
High risk of recurrence unless gall bladder is removed (See Serial 3).
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.2
Cholelithiasis
Risk of biliary colic, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, other complications.
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Asymptomatic
Stones found incidentally with no attributable symptoms. Risk of symptomatic
disease is one per cent per year.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit pilot.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Symptomatic
High rate of recurrence (70 per cent over two years).
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.3
Cholecystec-tomy
Additional information required: If all the following are met:
a. More than six months post-op (irrespective of surgical approach).
b. No complications.
c. No recurrence or new symptoms.
d. No diarrhoea.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
4.
LIVER
4.1
Chronic liver
Complications often severe and progressive. Includes portal hypertension, renal
disease
failure, electrolyte abnormalities, jaundice.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unlikely to be compatible with flying duties.
4.1.1
Chronic Hepatitis
A diagnosis of chronic hepatitis is incompatible with continued flying duties until
the situation has been fully assessed and stabilised. In those requiring no
therapy, or who are well controlled on small doses of steroids (not greater than
Prednisone 10 mgs per day) restricted flying in a multi-crew environment may be
considered. Specialist advice would be required.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unlikely to be compatible with flying duties or overseas deployments.
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4.2
Hepatic fibrosis
Risk of pain, bleeding, general debility.
Requires access to medical care.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unlikely to be compatible with flying duties.
4.3
Hepatic cirrhosis
Risk of pain, bleeding, general debility. Requires access to medical care.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unlikely to be compatible with flying duties.
4.4
Gilbert’s syndrome
Found incidentally.
Mild unconjugated
Hyperbili-
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
rubinaemia with
normal liver
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
function tests
4.5
Fatty liver
Diagnosis is usually confirmed from ultrasound/computed tomography/liver
Most commonly
biopsy.
associated with
alcoholism, obesity,
Additional information required:
diabetes, and
pregnancy,
however, other
The history or diagnosis must be confirmed with appropriate Investigations.
causes have been
identified. There is
Aircrew applicants: Temp Unfit – Assess on case by case basis. Off medication
a poor correlation
and symptom free 12 months with no sign of progression. Unfit if associated
between the
with hepatomegaly, other pathology (inflammation or necrosis), alcoholism,
diagnosis of fatty
diabetes or morbid obesity.
liver and abnormal
findings on
commonly used
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
biochemical tests
for liver disease
May require long term role and deployment restrictions, depending on
comorbidities
5.
PANCREAS
5.1
Pancreatitis
Most episodes of acute pancreatitis are associated with gallstones (particularly
bile duct stones) or with prolonged alcohol abuse. Pancreatitis may also be
induced by drugs.
Single episode
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Likely to require long term restrictions.
More than one
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
episode
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unlikely to be compatible with flying duties.
5.1.1
Acute alcohol
Problems of alcohol use (binge drinking or dependence).
related pancreatitis
Risk of recurrent episodes requiring specialist assessment.
Risk of developing chronic pancreatitis.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unlikely to be compatible with flying duties.
5.1.2
Acute pancreatitis
Risk of recurrent acute abdominal pain requiring hospitalisation and specialist
secondary to
care; renal failure, pseudocyst, abscess, peritonitis, fistula and haemorrhage; and
biliary tract disease development of chronic pancreatitis.
Significant mortality rate.
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit 1 year. Assess on case by case basis after
successful cholecystectomy.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
5.1.3
Acute traumatic
Suitability depends on:
pancreatitis
a. original injuries;
b. extent of pancreatic damage;
c. residual function; and
d. risk of sequelae.
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit 12 months – assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
5.1.4
Acute pancreatitis
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit 12 months – assess on case by case basis.
—
other causes
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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5.1.5
Chronic /
Risk of recurrent acute abdominal pain; pseudocyst formation and ascites;
Recurrent
exocrine insufficiency (malabsorption and severe weight loss); endocrine
pancreatitis
insufficiency (diabetes); bile duct obstruction with jaundice; and malignancy Ca
of the pancreas in less than five per cent of cases. Requires access to medical
care.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unlikely to be compatible with flying duties.
6
RECTUM AND ANUS
6.1
Anal fistula, anal
Additional information required:
fissure, anal
stricture or
Requires treatment and medical report.
haemorrhoids
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit 12 months – assess on case by case basis, if
treatment successful and no associated serious diagnosis; e.g. colitis or Crohn’s
disease.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
7.
GROIN AND GENERAL ABDOMEN
7.1
Abdominal mass
Enlarged liver or spleen usually equates to a serious condition.
Additional information required:
Requires full investigation for cause; decision will be based on diagnosis.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. A4 pending investigations and diagnosis.
7.2
Hernia (inguinal,
Risk of progression and complications from raised intra-abdominal pressure
femoral, epigastric
(bending, lifting, push-ups, G-forces).
or
incisional/wound
hernia)
Unrepaired
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. A4 pending investigations and diagnosis.
Repaired
If all the following criteria are met:
a. More than six months post-op (three months if surgery was laparoscopic).
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b. No complications.
c. No recurrence.
d. Fitness has returned to normal.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit 3-6 months – assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Fitness to return to flying duties based on specialist advice and full recovery.
Graded return to full duties.
7.3
Hernia (umbilical)
Risk of progression and complications from raised intra-abdominal pressure
(bending, lifting, push-ups, G-forces).
Unrepaired
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review. A4 pending investigations and diagnosis, unless
minor.
Repaired
If all the following criteria are met:
a. More than six months post-op (three months if surgery was laparoscopic).
b. No complications.
c. No recurrence.
d. Fitness has returned to normal.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit 3-6 months – assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Fitness to return to flying duties based on specialist advice and full recovery.
Graded return to full duties.
8
OTHER
8.1
Food intolerance
See allergies – Annex A.
or allergy
8.2
Peutz-Jeghers
Risk of abdominal pain, small bowel obstruction and haemorrhage.
syndrome —
indicated by
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
pigmentation of
the skin and
mucous
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membranes
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Associated with
Requires specialist review.
hamartomatous
polyps of stomach,
small intestine and
colon (the latter
has a three per
cent incidence of
developing cancer
of the colon)
8.3
Amoebiasis
Any past history of amoebic dysentery.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. A4
pending investigations and diagnosis.
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Chapter 7: Genitourinary System
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important genitourinary conditions and
disorders.
This sections is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important genitourinary conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific problems: Genitourinary system
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
CONGENITAL/DEVELOPMENTAL
1.1
Congenital urinary
Generally due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux or
obstruction with or posterior urethral valves. Common complications include recurrent urinary tract
without
infection (UTI), hydronephrosis and renal scarring. If uncorrected or recurrent
hydronephrosis
after surgery, further risks include acute obstruction, calculi, malignancy and
renal failure.
Current
High risk of retrograde infection and hydronephrosis. Long-term risk of
malignancy and renal failure.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Specialist review required. Serving aircrew are to be assessed
on a case by case basis. Likely to require long term aircrew role and deployment
restrictions.
Following
Further information is required, renal physician or urologist reports as
corrective surgery
appropriate and reports from time of treatment may suffice.
or resolution
Acceptable if
all the following are met:
a. Surgery is performed involved less than three procedures and was more
than five years ago.
b. No evidence of ongoing obstruction or reflux.
c. No recent or recurrent UTIs (no more than 2 in previous year for females,
and nil for males).
d. Renal function within normal limits and no hydronephrosis.
e. No requirement for ongoing specialist review.
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Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
1.2
Congenital kidney
Risks include acute and chronic renal failure; and renal malignancy.
disease (Includes
polycystic kidney
Requires regular monitoring and access to medical care. Those with a positive
disease, medullary
family history of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) must
sponge kidney,
undergo screening renal imaging before being considered for Service.
non-cystic renal
dysplasia, renal
hypoplasia)
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Management of Aircrew:
Aircrew are to be grounded and temporarily downgraded unfit service outside
base areas and referred to a nephrologist. An unrestricted grade may be
awarded if all the following criteria are met:
a. Asymptomatic.
b. Normotensive.
c. No haematuria or proteinuria quantified as PCR <23mg/mmol.
d. Normal haemoglobin.
e. Satisfactory renal function with eGFR>90ml/min.
f. Satisfactory renal ultrasound scan with no evidence of stones, malignancy or
complex cysts.
g. No evidence of cerebral aneurysms on cranial magnetic resonance
angiogram (MRA) or CT scan.
h. Normal cardiac echocardiogram.
i.
Normal abdominal aorta Doppler scan.
1.3
Undescended
There is an increased relative risk of testicular malignancy and torsion, which is
testes
mitigated by early surgery (pre-pubertal).
(cryptorchidism)
Risk of reduced testosterone production, infertility and risk of malignancy.
Additional information required:
Current specialist report addressing the following:
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a. Presence or absence of an underlying condition.
b. Ease of testicular self-examination (includes whether testes can be located
and whether they are both present).
c. Risk of malignancy.
d. Requirement for hormonal therapy.
Unrepaired,
Risk for malignancy is elevated (albeit low in absolute terms.) Surgery is
whether testis is
indicated for surveillance purposes.
palpable or not
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: A4, Z5 until treatment completed.
Orchidopexy
Aircrew applicants: Acceptable if at least 12 months since satisfactory surgery
with no requirement for further intervention/follow up.
Serving aircrew: Fit following full recovery and specialist review.
Orchidectomy
See 5.2 below.
(unilateral or
bilateral)
Evidence of
See 4.2 below.
hypogonadism; or
requirement for
hormone therapy
1.4
Enuresis (night
Significant problem in places where hygiene and laundry facilities are limited.
time incontinence
Additional information required for all candidates with enuresis after the age of
after age 5)
12 years: Urologist report.
Acceptable if the following apply:
a. No episodes for at least three years.
b. No underlying condition (may require a renal physician report if reduced
renal function, proteinuria or hypertension).
c. No underlying psychological issues.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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1.5
Hypospadias or
Surgical repair not permanently reliable; elevated risk of urethral stricture or
Epispadias
meatal stenosis. Requires regular specialist review.
(Abnormal position
of urinary meatus)
Minor
If all the following are met:
a. Original meatus was on glans or penile shaft.
b. No operation or only a single operation required (a single two-stage repair is
acceptable), at least two years ago.
c. Meatus is on glans.
d. No stricture, spraying, reduction in flow or incontinence.
e. No requirement for follow-up.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Moderate/Severe
If any the following are present:
a. Original meatus was on scrotum or perineum (hypospadias) or abdominal
wall (epispadias).
b. Required two or more procedures.
c. Meatus not on glans.
d. Any stricture, spraying, reduction in flow or incontinence.
e. Any associated disorder of genitourinary development.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
1.6
Phimosis
A non- or partially-retractable prepuce has an increased risk of skin irritation,
(congenital or
infections, STDs and malignancy. A partially-retractable prepuce also has an
acquired inability to increased risk of paraphimosis (
see Serial 1.7 below).
retract the foreskin
completely)
Visual inspection and description of prepuce or referral is required.
Additional information required:
In all cases where the foreskin is not fully retractable, refer for urologist’s
opinion. Treatment may be medical or surgical.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
Medical treatment
If the following apply:
(steroid cream and
manual stretching)
a. Treatment completed three or more months ago.
b. Foreskin now fully retractable.
c. No recent infection or irritation.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Surgical treatment
If the following apply:
(circumcision)
a. Surgery was three or more months ago.
b. Fully healed, no complications.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Untreated /
Persistent high risk of infection, irritation, paraphimosis and malignancy.
relapsed
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions i.e. Z4/5.
1.7
Paraphimosis
A history of paraphimosis requires assessment for possible underlying cause,
(prepuce is trapped
likelihood of recurrence and residual damage.
behind glans,
causing
constriction)
Subsequently
If the following apply:
circumcised
a. Surgery was three or more months ago.
b. Fully healed, no complications.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Surgical or medical
Requires assessment by urologist to determine cause and risk of recurrence, and
treatment other
to assess any sequelae.
than circumcision
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
1.8
Solitary kidney
Found in 0.1 per cent of the population, usually silent. Acceptable if structurally
normal on ultrasound scan including no calculi (compensatory hypertrophy
expected) functionally normal (i.e. MSU clear of blood, normal eGFR, normal
urine PCR).
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Aircrew with a single kidney may continue to fly with no
restrictions providing that the remaining kidney is normal and has not been
subjected to renal calculi.
1.9
Renal transplant
Renal transplantation is part of the continuing care of patients with chronic renal
failure. Facilities do not exist in the NZDF for care of these patients who require
long term surveillance and treatment.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Aircrew with a renal transplant are initially unfit military flying
duties.
On a case by case basis, transplant >5 years, with no complications and normal
function for 5 years (potentially after 3) may be assessed for a return to flying.
They will require ongoing reviews (2-4 per year) by their specialist.
1.10
Request to Act as a
Requests may be made from serving personnel to act as transplant donors for
Transplant Donor
close relatives. This is an executive rather than a medical matter and should be
actioned in the first instance by a general application. The MO should ensure
that the prospective donor has been adequately counselled. Following donation,
the donor should be assessed as a patient with a single kidney and may continue
to serve with a normal grading. Aircrew will be fit full, unrestricted flying duties.
2.
FUNCTIONAL
2.1
Incontinence of
Ongoing bladder instability. Unacceptable in communal/close living quarters in
urine
the field, at sea and on deployment.
(males or females)
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
2.2
Chronic
Includes anyone with symptoms or treatment for chronic genitourinary pain in
genitourinary pain
the last two years. Symptoms may include urethral, perineal and back pain,
(includes
urgency, frequency and dyspareunia without infection. Significant adverse
interstitial cystitis,
impact on function and capabilities when deployed.
painful bladder
syndrome,
High risk of incontinence if access to toilet facilities is limited.
vulvodynia,
prostatodynia and
chronic non-
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
bacterial
prostatitis)
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
2.3
Urethral stricture
Almost always a permanent problem.
Risk of recurrent lower abdominal pain due to acute urinary retention;
hypertrophy of the bladder detrusor muscle with trabeculation and diverticulae
formation resulting in incomplete bladder emptying; resultant urinary stasis
causing further recurrent UTI; and ultimately progressive loss of kidney function.
Requires regular specialist review and treatment.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.
INFECTIVE
3.1
Balanitis and/or
Need to exclude phimosis (
see Serial 1.6 above) and diabetes (
see Annex H).
posthitis
Single episode, resolved, no risk factors for recurrence may be acceptable.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
History of recurrent balanitis/posthitis.
Additional information required:
Report from Urologist.
May be acceptable if definitive treatment and no persisting risk factors for
recurrence.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.2
Epididymitis
Likely to be recurrent and limit physical activities.
Simple
Single episode, responded rapidly to antibiotics, no relapse.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Relapsing,
Persistent pain and disability. Long-term antibiotics often required.
recurrent or
chronic
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
3.3
Urinary tract
Urethritis and cystitis are very common in females, but uncommon in males.
infection
Complications include acute or recurrent pyelonephritis, renal or perinephric
abscess, chronic renal failure, and acute or chronic prostatitis. Pyelonephritis in
either sex should be investigated for evidence of obstruction or reflux.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Aircrew with urinary infections are to be grounded and referred for investigation
and treatment as required.
3.3.1
Urethritis or
Common in females, uncommon in males.
cystitis
A letter from the treating doctor should be requested to confirm details.
Infrequent,
Acceptable if the following are met:
uncomplicated
(no more than 2
a. Each episode was easily treated with single course of antibiotics.
episodes per
annum)
b. No indication of any underlying abnormality or reservoir of infection
(urologic investigations are not mandated).
c. No spread of infection to prostate or upper urinary tract.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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Males with two or
May be associated with a urinary tract abnormality or prostatitis. Increased risk
more episodes in
of recurrence and long-term complications.
the last ten years
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Specialist referral required.
Females with three
May be associated with an underlying condition. Increased risk of recurrence
or more episodes in and long-term complications.
the last year, or
more than five in
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
last five years
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Specialist referral required.
3.3.2
Pyelonephritis or
Additional information required:
renal abscess
Urological investigation and urologist report required.
For childhood infections secondary to congenital obstruction see relevant serial.
Acceptable if the following are met:
a. Single episode.
b. No underlying abnormality.
c. Renal function is normal.
d. Recurrence not anticipated.
Otherwise unfit
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.4
Sexually
Aircrew applicants: See NZDF Recruit standards.
Transmitted
Infections
Serving Aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
4.
ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC
4.1
Nephrolithiasis
Often associated with an underlying metabolic disorder or structural
(renal calculus),
abnormality.
Renal Stone
Disease (RSD) or
High symptomatic recurrence rate, even when asymptomatic. Must avoid
renal colic (includes dehydration and maintain urine output of more than 2 litres per day; may
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asymptomatic
require dietary advice and/or medication. Long-term risk of renal failure may be
nephrolithiasis)
increased.
Any history (even single episode) of confirmed nephrolithiasis is disqualifying.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Management of Aircrew:
Aircrew who have an occurrence of renal colic or are diagnosed with renal stone
disease are to be awarded Z5 NZ only ‘Unfit for service outside base areas’.
Aircrew are to be grounded until stone free. Aircrew with recurrent RSD, or with
residual stones not amenable to treatment, are to be referred to a specialist in
Renal Medicine. If residual stones are considered unlikely to become
symptomatic a return to restricted flying [A3, ‘Unfit solo pilot - must fly with a
pilot suitably qualified on type’ or equivalent for other aircrew roles should be
possible.
Renal Colic or incidental finding or RSD - A4, refer local ED or urology. First stone
and clinically and radiologically free can upgrade to G3 after 6 weeks.
Metabolic screen (non-fasting bloods (Hb, Na, K, Cl, Cr, Urea, Ca, PO4, AlkPhos,
Uric Acid, Bicarb, parathyroid hormone), 3 x EMU (pH, dipsticks), MSU, cysteine
check), 3 x 24 hr urine (vol, Ca, Oxalate, Uric Acid, Citrate, Cr, sodium,
phosphate) at 3 months post diagnosis:
a. If normal – local follow up Imaging (USS/X-rays (renal AXR)) at 1 and 2 years
post diagnosis then 2 yearly.
b. If abnormal metabolic screen refer renal medicine for treatment options.
2 or more stones, recurrent or residual stones – remain A4. Refer renal medicine
and urology for treatment options. Prophylactic treatment to prevent further
stone formation may be indicated. Treatment with citrate supplements or
allopurinol is compatible with full ground or flying duties and requires only a G3
category. The use of thiazide diuretics is acceptable for full ground and flying
duties, but for aircrew, a four week period of assessment for side effects should
be carried out. Nephrolithiasis dietitian advice also advisable.
4.2
Hypogonadism
See also any related serials including: Orchidectomy or
(male)
endocrine/developmental conditions in Annex H Endocrine.
Additional information required:
Report from treating specialist summarising cause, treatment, current
medication and follow-up requirements, and any risks to future health.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Hypogonadism
See primary conditions in Annex H Gynaecology; or E Endocrine; as relevant.
(female)
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
5.
SURGICAL
5.1
Nephrectomy
Additional information required:
Specialist (Renal Physician and urologist) report addressing reason for
nephrectomy, health of remaining kidney, requirement for follow-up and any
relevant future risks.
Performed for renal Normal renal function (MSU, eGFR and urine PCR) and BP.
trauma or organ
donation
No abnormality in remaining kidney and no expectation that renal function will
deteriorate in next ten years otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
5.2
Orchidectomy for
See also the following, as appropriate:
non-malignant
indications
Cryptorchidism, Hypogonadism (male), Testicular cancer, Gender dysphoria.
If indication for
orchiectomy was
malignancy, refer
Additional information required:
to Annex K
(malignancy).
a. LH/FHS/testosterone levels.
b. Reason for surgery.
c. Ongoing treatment or surveillance requirements.
d. Likely future health risks
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Unilateral
Acceptable if the following are met:
a. At least 6 months since surgery.
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b. No hormonal abnormality.
c. No evidence or increased risk of malignancy.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Bilateral
Additional information required:
Report from treating specialist or head of multidisciplinary team addressing the
underlying issue, treatment, current medication and follow-up requirements
including consequences if delayed or missed), and any future health risks (CVS,
bone, hormonal, malignancy, psychosocial etc).
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
6.
MASSES, INCLUDING MALIGNANCY. See also Malignancy Annex K
6.1
Hydrocoele
Size and symptoms do not necessarily correlate so both must be independently
considered. May be associated with other intra-scrotal pathology. Scrotal
ultrasound is useful to assess volume and any associated masses.
Small
Acceptable if all the following are met:
a. Size <50 ml.
b. Never symptomatic with pain.
c. No history of trauma.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Moderate
Size 50–80 ml OR Size <50 ml with symptoms/trauma.
Additional information required:
Urology assessment.
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit. Specialist review.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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Large
Size >80 ml.
Increased risk of pain and complications.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
Repaired
Additional information required:
Surgical assessment.
Acceptable if all the following are met:
a. Surgery was >6 months ago.
b. No pain, recurrence or complications.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
6.2
Varicocoele
There is no clinical classification grading system based on size, therefore the MO
must use clinical judgment.
May be aggravated by physical activity and limit effort.
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit 12 months – assess on case by case basis, if
treatment successful and no associated serious diagnosis; e.g. colitis or Crohn’s
disease.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
All other
Refer for US scan to exclude significant pathology.
varicocoeles,
whether
Moderate to large will require repair prior to enlistment.
asymptomatic or
not.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Repaired
Six months must have elapsed following surgery.
Varicocoele
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Additional information required:
Surgical assessment.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
6.3
Renal mass
Requires full investigation for cause; decision will be based on diagnosis.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Malignancy.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Non-malignant but requires regular specialist reviews and/or medication.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
6.4
Malignant Tumour
All require long-term follow-up with risk of recurrence.
of kidney, ureter,
bladder
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
7.
NEPHRITIS/NEPHROPATHY
7.1
Interstitial or
Risk of relapse, pain, nephrotic syndrome, chronic kidney disease. May require
Tubular Nephritis
prolonged antibiotic or steroid treatment.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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Acute Interstitial
Additional information required:
Nephritis (Note:
may be
Renal Physician report.
asymptomatic)
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
May be suitable if all the following criteria are met:
a. Treatment ceased > 12 months ago.
b. Normal serum creatinine, urea and Electrolytes.
c. Normal urine PCR and eGFR OR normal 24-hour urine result for creatinine
clearance and proteinuria.
d. No abnormality on urine microscopy (hyaline casts acceptable).
e. Normal blood pressure.
f. Risk of relapse or recurrence is considered low.
Note: if secondary to medication must ensure no further exposure to
provocative agent (e.g. OTC NSAIDs and PPIs etc).
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
7.1.2
Chronic Nephritis
Requires regular monitoring and access to specialist care. Some risk of
(any cause)
progression to renal failure.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
7.2
Glomerulo-
Inflammatory response involving renal tissue. Elevated risk of progressive renal
nephritis or
disease; elevated risk of renal damage from dehydration, some medications
nephropathy
and/or intercurrent illness. For secondary nephropathy there are also the risks
associated with the underlying condition.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
7.2.1
Thin Basement
Additional information required:
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Membrane
Renal Physician report.
Nephropathy
May be suitable for entry if all the following are met:
a. Normal blood pressure.
b. Normal serum creatinine and eGFR.
c. Minimal haematuria and proteinuria (less than twice the upper limit of
normal) - no episodes or documented above this level PCR.
d. No casts or crystals in urine (hyaline casts are acceptable).
e. No underlying anatomical abnormality or pathology.
f. Minimal surveillance required (no more than once a year).
Aircrew applicants: Temp unfit 3-6 months – assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
7.2.2
IgA Nephropathy
There is a risk of progression to end-stage renal disease, even when symptoms
and signs are minimal at time of diagnosis.
However, a good prognostic group is no proteinuria and normal BP and normal
renal function. If applicable, 5-10 years post-diagnosis, the next 20 years (NZDF
employment time) they are unlikely to develop significant issues.
Aircrew applicants: Normally unfit. Assess on case by case basis. CMO waiver
required.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist review.
Management of Aircrew:
Acute Glomerulonephritis. Aircrew are to be referred for specialist management
and are to be temporarily downgraded Z5 NZ only, ‘Unfit for service outside base
areas’. Return of normal renal function and the disappearance of casts and
protein from the urine (PCR <23mg/mmol) will allow return to normal grading.
Return to unrestricted flying is permitted on recovery.
Chronic Glomerulonephritis. Will require the limitation, ‘Unfit for service outside
base areas’.
Providing that renal function is normal and no adverse features are present such
as proteinuria > 2g per day, hypertension or declining renal function -
unrestricted flying is permitted. The development of hypertension, proteinuria >
2g/day or reduction in renal function may require restriction of aircraft type or
aircrew role. Progressive deterioration in function will lead to a permanent P8.
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The commonest form of chronic glomerulonephritis is IgA nephropathy. This is a
fairly benign condition and is associated with the development of chronic renal
failure in only about 13-15% of cases. Isolated microscopic haematuria alone
carries an excellent prognosis, but hypertension, persistent proteinuria (> 2g per
day), or raised creatinine at presentation are indicators of poor outcome. Initial
presentation with nephrotic syndrome also bodes ill. The majority of cases of
chronic glomerulonephritis may therefore be expected to do well.
Nephrotic syndrome may be due to a variety of causes, but the commonest are
minimal change (steroid responsive) disease and membranous
glomerulonephritis. Steroid responsive disease has a tendency to relapse and
‘Unfit for service outside base areas’, should be applied for at least two years
after cessation of all treatment. Return to flying must be assessed by a renal
physician specialist. For return to unrestricted flying, the serum albumin must be
normal and urine PCR must be < 100mg/mmol. Providing there is no underlying
disease as a cause, idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis will have a
roughly 25% chance of complete clinical resolution, 35-40% of staying the same
and 35-40% of deterioration. Close surveillance is important in order to
determine the natural history. Grading will depend ultimately on which path is
followed by the disease.
7.2.3
All other causes
Elevated risk of progression to end-stage renal disease.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Requires specialist renal physician review.
8.1
Proteinuria and/or
Additional information required:
haematuria
Asymptomatic proteinuria or haematuria is the commonest presentation of
glomerulonephritis. Where diagnosis has been made, refer to relevant serial.
Where no diagnosis has been made, and proteinuria or haematuria has been
confirmed, applicants are to obtain referral to a renal physician for
assessment.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. All
aircrew with confirmed haematuria should be referred for urgent investigation.
The presence of macroscopic haematuria should lead to temporary grounding
until full investigation is complete.
8.1.1
Persistent
May be suitable for entry if
all the following are met:
proteinuria and/or
haematuria where
a. Normal blood pressure.
investigation does
not provide a
b. Normal haemoglobin.
definitive
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diagnosis, including c. Normal PCR.
where renal biopsy
is not clinically
d. Minimal haematuria and proteinuria (less than twice the upper limit of
indicated, and
normal)—no episodes or documented above this level.
likely source of
haematuria is
e. Normal creatinine/albumin ratio on 24-hour urine.
glomerular in
origin.
f. No casts or crystals in urine (hyaline casts are acceptable).
g. No underlying anatomical abnormality or pathology.
h. Minimal surveillance required (no more than once a year).
i.
Specialist renal physician report to support good prognosis.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
8.2
Glycosuria
Transient mild glycosuria may occur in concentrated urine. Persistent glycosuria
must be fully investigated.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
8.2.1
Impaired glucose
See annex E, Endocrine
tolerance
8.2.2
Renal tubular
Various causes, associated with electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities.
acidosis
Increased risk of renal calculi, heart illness and adverse consequences of
dehydration.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
8.2.3
Benign renal
May be acceptable if all the following criteria are met (Specialist report
glycosuria
required):
a. No underlying disease.
b. Normal plasma glucose tolerance.
c. Normal electrolytes and acid-base balance.
d. No polyuria.
Otherwise unfit.
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8.3
Pyuria
See Serial for UTI.
9.
OTHERS
9.1
History of any
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
other
chronic or acute
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
genitourinary
condition not
included in this
annex
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Chapter 8: Gynaecological System
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important gynaecological conditions or
disorders (including pregnancy).
This sections is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important gynaecological conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific problems: Gynaecological system
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
BREAST
Any history of, or clinically suspected abnormality of the breast requires
specialist assessment, to exclude serious underlying condition.
1.1
Minor conditions
Aircrew applicant: Subject to GP report, acceptable if no further treatment is
required.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding pending specialist
confirmation and then fit to fly if no further treatment is required.
1.2
Breast Tumour
Benign
Aircrew applicant: Acceptable subject to specialist confirmation and if no further
treatment is required.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding pending specialist
confirmation and then fit to fly if no further treatment is required.
Malignant
Refer Annex K Malignancy.
1.3
Bleeding from the
nipple
Benign
Aircrew applicant: Acceptable subject to specialist confirmation that the
condition is not clinically significant and no further treatment required.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding pending specialist
confirmation and then fit to fly if no further treatment is required.
Malignant
Refer Annex K Malignancy.
1.4
Excised benign
Aircrew applicant: Acceptable if confirmed by specialist report and sighted
fibroadenoma
histopathology.
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Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding pending specialist
confirmation and then fit to fly if no further treatment is required.
1.5
Mastalgia
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew if they are unable to perform military duties
associated with
such as; carrying loads, physical activity, wear aircrew life support equipment or
hormonal causes,
wear personnel protection equipment; e.g. body armour, and other military
exercise
critical skills. If doubt exists, surgical opinion may be helpful otherwise not
required.
or activity
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding pending specialist opinion
and then fit to fly if no further treatment is required.
Post-surgery
Aircrew applicant: Acceptable subject to specialist confirmation that there are
no complications and no further treatment is required.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding pending specialist opinion
and then fit to fly once fully recovered.
1.6
Breast implant
Risk of rupture increases with advancing age of implant.
Aircrew applicant: Additional information required:
Report from reconstructive
surgeon on individual risks including acceptable risk assessment.
Decision: Case by case basis.
If report confirms non-tender and asymptomatic,
with no associated risks.
Unfit if symptomatic, chronic inflammation, leakage or any other complications.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding pending specialist opinion
and then fit to fly once fully recovered. Fitness for hypobaric chamber training
on case by case basis, after 3 month stand down.
2.
CERVIX
2.1
Cervical conditions
Aircrew applicant: Refer to Recruit medical standards.
Serving aircrew: Cervical procedures: Following Cervical smear there should be a
24 hour temporary grounding for aircrew.
Minimum of 72 hours stand down from flying for colposcopic surgical
procedures.
Refer Annex K Malignancy for significant conditions.
3.
MENSTRUAL
3.1
Dysmenorrhoea
Abnormal menstruation and symptoms associated with pre-menstrual syndrome
should be reported to the AvMO. If the condition is considered significant, the
aircrew should be grounded until the menstrual period ceases and/or treatment
has proved successful. If the problem persists or recurs, the MO is to refer the
individual for consultant opinion
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If the gynaecological/obstetric history identifies the need for a pelvic
examination or further clinical information, the candidate is to be assessed as
temporarily unfit by the Medical Board pending a report from a military or local
civilian, consultant gynaecologist.
Depends on severity of symptoms but specialist assessment may be required to
exclude serious condition.
Mild
Aircrew applicant: Acceptable if symptoms are manageable with no absence
from school or work.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding pending resolution of
symptoms.
Moderate
Aircrew applicant: Acceptable if symptoms controlled with over the counter
medication or oral contraceptive pill (OCP).
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding pending resolution of
symptoms.
Severe
Aircrew applicant: Causing absence from work or school. If there is an
underlying medical condition manage as for the condition. Must demonstrate 6
months with satisfactory control.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding pending specialist
confirmation of there being no serious underlying disorder and then fit to fly if
no further treatment is required or symptoms are well managed. If significant
absence from work or flying is required then a medical grading review should be
undertaken.
3.2
Polycystic Ovary
Aircrew applicant: Acceptable if symptoms are manageable with no absence
Syndrome
from school or work. Normal weight, normal glucose metabolism, normal lipids,
(PCOS).
no medication on OCP only.
Unfit if PCOS with abnormal glucose metabolism, or raised lipids, or requiring
treatment with metformin.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding pending investigation,
management and resolution of symptoms.
3.3
Amenorrhoea
Aircrew applicant: Depends on the underlying cause. See recruit standards.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding pending specialist
confirmation of there being no serious underlying disorder and then fit to fly if
no further treatment is required or symptoms are well managed.
4.
INFECTIVE
4.1
Pelvic
Inflammatory
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Disease
One attack only
Aircrew applicant: If resolution of infection and sequelae excluded then may be
suitable subject to medical report.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding pending investigation,
management and resolution of symptoms.
Chronic or
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
recurrent
Serving aircrew: May require long term restrictions or permanent grounding. To
manage on a case by case basis.
4.2
Recurrent Genital
See Annex G: Genitourinary System.
Herpes Simplex
Virus infection
5.
INFLAMMATORY
5.1
Endometriosis
Risk of recurrent abdominal pain, menorrhagia, functional incapacity,
Peritonitis.
Mild. If treated and
Aircrew applicant: Maybe fit. Additional information required: Gynaecologist
asymptomatic off
report.
medication (other
than COC) for 24
Serving aircrew: May require long term restrictions. To manage on a case by
months
case basis.
Treatment required
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
persisting
symptoms or
Serving aircrew: May require long term restrictions or grounding. To manage on
multiple
a case by case basis.
endometrial sites
on laparoscopy
6.
MALIGNANCY
6.1
Malignancy of
As for malignant disease,
see Refer Annex K Malignancy (except cervical CIN,
see
genital tract
serial 2.1 above).
7.
BENIGN TUMOURS
7.1
Fibroids
Aircrew applicant: Maybe fit. Additional information required: Gynaecologist
report.
Serving aircrew: May require long term restrictions or grounding. To manage on
a case by case basis.
8.
OBSTETRICS
8.1
Pregnancy
Aircrew applicant: A candidate for Service who is found to be pregnant is to be
assessed temporarily unfit for service until 3 months after delivery of a viable
child. If, however, the child is stillborn, or later dies, the assessment may be
reviewed after 3 – 6 months, provided that there are no outstanding problems.
A pregnancy which terminates with the loss of the foetus before the 12th week
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may be disregarded in terms of employability provided that a period of 4 weeks
has elapsed and there are no complications.
Serving aircrew: Serving personnel are to be medically downgraded to A4 G4 Z5
R12, ‘Unfit service outside base areas’ (plus other limitations as required), as
soon as the pregnancy is notified.
Ground personnel who fly as crew members (for example, Aeromedical (AE)
personnel) are to be grounded and awarded, ‘Fit limited range of duties in trade
or branch (type will be specified in Med Docs). Following return to work after
delivery, women are to be assessed and upgraded as considered appropriate.
Pregnant aircrew, are to be grounded and downgraded as soon as pregnancy is
notified. In addition, pregnant aircrew are not to undertake:
1.
Decompression training.
Wet EBS/HEEDS/STASS training.
Dunker training.
Training in a dynamic motion flight simulator with a moderate to high risk of
rapid and/or un-expected movement or restricted access (as determined by
individual aircraft platform risk assessment).
Following return to work after delivery, aircrew are to be assessed and upgraded
as considered appropriate.
In exceptional circumstances and on a case by case basis and subject to suitable
risk assessment by an AvMO, women may undertake limited aircrew duties on
non ejection seat fixed wing aircraft for the second trimester.
Other restrictions will apply (as above) In practice most women will remain unfit
flying through the duration of pregnancy.
8.2
Abortion /
Aircrew applicant: Additional information required: Gynaecologist report. Will
miscarriage
need to check for psychological sequelae. Assess on a case by case basis but may
be fit after 3-6 months.
Serving aircrew: Will require grounding. Earliest return is 1 month after
uncomplicated early pregnancy loss. To manage on a case by case basis.
8.3
Breast feeding
Aircrew applicant: A candidate who continues to breastfeed after 3 months will
normally be considered unfit aircrew training.
Serving aircrew: Following return to work after delivery, aircrew who are still
breastfeeding will be considered on a case by case basis. They will normally be
considered unfit for hypobaric training and operational flying duties.
8.4
Passenger Flying
Serving personnel with a singleton pregnancy may fly as passengers in RNZF
transport aircraft (not rotary wing) in the following circumstances:
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a. Up to 28 weeks of pregnancy, provided there are no complications with the
pregnancy and the expected date of delivery has been confirmed by ultrasound.
Passenger advised to carry a medical certificate.
b. Between 28 and 36 weeks of pregnancy, provided they produce a doctor’s
letter certifying the pregnancy is normal and including the expected date of
delivery.
c. If multiple pregnancy then only before 32 weeks of pregnancy, and if
uncomplicated provided they produce a Lead Maternity Provider / doctor’s
letter certifying the pregnancy is otherwise normal and including the expected
date of delivery.
9.
SURGERY
9.1
Hysterectomy
Aircrew applicant: Maybe fit. Additional information required: Gynaecologist
report
.
Specialist report and surgical notes are required. If oophorectomy was
performed then criteria at 10.1 must be considered as well.
If all the following criteria are met:
a. >12 months post-surgery (irrespective of surgical approach).
b. No ongoing complications.
c. Has resumed physical activities at level commensurate with training and
duty requirement.
d. Only on approved medication.
Otherwise unfit.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until fully recovered from
surgery. Manage on case by case basis.
10
OTHER
10.1
Peri- or post-
The assessment of peri- or post-menopausal applicants needs to take into
menopausal
consideration the time period since commencement of menopausal symptoms
applicants
or completion of menopause and the possibility of osteoporosis having
developed during the intervening period. If there are any concerns about the
possibility of osteoporosis in an applicant, bone density studies are required.
Aircrew applicant: Maybe fit. Manage on a case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding until fully menopausal
symptoms have fully resolved or effective management achieved. Manage on
case by case basis.
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10.2
Contraception
Oral contraception
per se is not a bar to flying duties. However, it is important to
establish the reasons for which it is taken as ‘the pill’ may be taken for
therapeutic purposes as well as for contraception. If taken for therapeutic
reasons, the MO is to ensure that the woman is fit to fly and seek consultant
opinion if in doubt.
10.3
Infertility
Cases of infertility are to be treated in accordance with local NZDF health policy.
Individuals who have symptomless infertility are not to be awarded a lowered
aircrew medical category.
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Chapter 9: Haematological System
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important haematology conditions and
disorders.
This sections is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important haematology conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific problems: Haematological system
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
ANAEMIAS
1.1
Anaemia of any
Requires regular medication and specialist care for underlying disease or
chronic disease or
disorder.
disorder
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Likely to require long term restriction for role and deployability.
1.2
Haemolytic
Requires regular medication and specialist care for underlying disease or
anaemia (including
disorder.
hereditary
spherocytosis)
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Likely to require long term restriction for role and deployability.
1.3
Pernicious anaemia Increased risk of other auto-immune disorders particularly Hashimoto’s
thyroiditis, Addison’s disease and vitiligo; or multicentric gastric neuroendocrine
tumours (some malignant). Requires lifelong drug replacement therapy and
regular specialist review.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Likely to require long term restriction for role and deployability.
1.4
Iron-deficiency
May be acceptable six months following completion of iron supplementation.
anaemia
With no underlying
Requires confirmatory haematology.
medical cause
Normal laboratory range for haemoglobin and iron studies.
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Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis once recovered.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
If ongoing or with
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
an underlying
medical
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
cause
Likely to require long term restriction for role and deployability.
1.5
Blood Donation
Following a blood donation aircrew will normally be removed from flying duties
for 72 hours.
1.6
Bone Marrow
Bone marrow and stem cell donation is altruistic behaviour that is to be
Donation
encouraged. MOs may be approached for advice by personnel considering
registration as potential bone marrow donors, through a scheme administered
by the NZ Blood Transfusion Service in association with other agencies.
Personnel wishing to donate bone marrow are to gain approval through their
chain of command. Personnel will be referred to a MO for counselling on the
medical aspects. It is important that MOs confine their advice strictly to the
medical aspects.
Following a donation aircrew will normally be removed from flying duties for a
minimum of 72 hours but longer periods maybe required depending on
procedure undertaken, upon the volume of bone marrow donated, and recovery
(the degree of post-operative discomfort and the presence of any post-operative
complications).
Fitness for flying is to be confirmed by an AvMO.
1.7
Stem Cell
The need for bone marrow donation has been replaced in some situations by the
Harvesting
ability to harvest stem cells from peripheral blood. Peripheral stem cell
harvesting involves the use of cytokines and anti-coagulants, which have
implications for flying / controlling duties. The potential requirement for central
venous access and reported side effects experienced by patients undergoing this
procedure requires aircrew to be made unfit flying/controlling duties from the
start of pre-treatment until a minimum of 7 days after harvest. Personnel are to
be reviewed by an AvMO before returning to flying or controlling duty.
1.8
All Other
All other cases where Service personnel wish to donate organs or tissue are to
Organ/Tissue
be managed in accordance with the following general principles:
Donations.
a. The member concerned must inform their line manager that they wish to
undertake this activity and that, as a result, they may require downgrading. The
CO must be happy to support the person voluntarily becoming of limited military
use. The timing of donation should not interfere with any planned military
Operations.
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b. The member volunteering should be fully informed of all the associated risks.
Detailed consent to undergo the procedure(s) will be undertaken by the
harvesting clinician. A uniformed MO should undertake a ‘check of
understanding’ to ensure that the member comprehends the general nature and
magnitude of any associated medical risks. Where the member is unable to
demonstrate understanding, the donation will not be medically supported.
c. Where necessary the member will be downgraded in order to accommodate
any physical limitations or risks generated by medication (e.g. clomiphene for
egg donation) or by the procedure itself (e.g. laparotomy for kidney or liver
donation). Where necessary a senior MO can be approached to provide advice
on the specifics of any downgrading to be applied. The member volunteering are
likely to be Z5 NZ only for a period of time as a result of the donation procedure.
2.
HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
Homozygous and double heterozygous conditions are incompatible with flying
duties. Sickle cell trait is not a bar to flying duties, and screening is not to be
carried out routinely. Other haemoglobinopathy traits are most unlikely to cause
any significant clinical or haematological abnormality and personnel with such
traits are likely to be fit for all duties including flying.
2.1
Haemoglobin A2, F
Normal variants, with minimal clinical effect; beneficial in beta-thalassaemia.
Not considered a haemoglobinopathy.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis once recovered.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.2
Benign
Additional information required:
haemoglobin-
pathies:
Generally benign in isolation, may have a mild microcytic anaemia.
D, E, O-Arab
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
No other haemoglobinopathy.
Normal haemoglobin level (within laboratory provided reference ranges for
gender).
No iron deficiency or overload.
No splenomegaly.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.3
Thalassaemias
Mainly found in people from malarious regions (Asia, Asia Minor).
2.3.1
Thalassaemia
Severe anaemia needing lifelong transfusions; osteoporosis; splenomegaly,
major
thrombophilia. Not compatible with military life.
(homozygous:
Following stem cell transplantation.
alpha, beta)
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
2.3.2
Thalassaemia
Additional information required: Heterozygous form produces mild or no
minor/trait
anaemia but marked microcytosis on blood film. Requires specialist assessment.
(heterozygous:
alpha, beta)
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.4
Haemoglobin S
Mainly found in people from malarious regions (Africa, Asia Minor).
2.4.1
Sickle cell disease
Severe anaemia, vascular occlusion, not compatible with military life.
(homozygous)
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
2.4.2
Sickle cell trait
Sickle cell trait is not a bar to flying duties and screening of aircrew should not be
(heterozygous)
carried out routinely. Fitness for hypoxia training assessed on a case by case
basis.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis. Screening for Hb S is only to be
conducted when clinically indicated.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.5
All other
Including but not limited to combined haemoglobinopathies, Hb C, Hb Constant
haemoglobin-
Spring, Hb Kenya, Hb Lepore, Hb M. All have altered oxygen-carrying capacity,
pathies
reduced RBC flexibility and shorter RBC lifespan.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.
HAEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS
3.1
Haemophilia
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Haemophilia A is
Factor VIII
deficiency.
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Haemophilia B is
Factor IX
deficiency.
3.2
Deficiency of
Bleeding dyscrasia: very severe in operational setting, requires lifelong medical
Factors II,
surveillance and specific treatment.
V, X, XI, XIII
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
3.3
Von Willebrand’s
Risk of spontaneous bleeding or bleeding after trauma which may cause
disease
exsanguination. Requires lifelong medical surveillance and specific treatment.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
3.4
Purpura or
Suggestive of underlying haematological disorder.
ecchymoses,
excessive epistaxis
Additional information required:
Full haematological investigation.
Decision:
Maybe suitable with no haematological or associated medical problem.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.5
Immune
(Formerly, idiopathic or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura)
Thrombo-
cytopenia
3.5.1
Diagnosed at age
If all the following criteria are met:
10 years or younger Fully recovered within 6 months of diagnosis.
Normal platelet count.
Spleen present and functional.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Diagnosed after the
Additional information required:
age
of 10 years
Specialist haematological review is required to assess risk of relapse
If all the following criteria are met:
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Remission was achieved spontaneously or with first-line treatment (steroids,
IVIG).
Treatment ceased more than 3 years ago.
No underlying condition or sequelae of treatment.
Normal full blood examination/count, in particular platelet count.
Spleen present and functional.
Risk of relapse is considered low.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Management of Aircrew:
Symptomatic individuals must be Z5 NZ only, ‘Unfit for service outside base
areas’ as a minimum, other limitations being awarded as clinical condition
dictates. Asymptomatic individuals the grading will depend on their stable
platelet count as follows;
100-150x109/l – G3, ‘Medical marker (no functional limitation) unrestricted. 6
monthly FBC checks.
75-100x109/l - Initially Z5 NZ only ‘Unfit for service outside base areas’ but may
be upgraded to G3 after no less than 6 months if platelet count remains stable.
Less than 75x109/l – Z5 NZ only, ‘Unfit for service outside base areas’.
A3, ‘Unfit solo pilot - must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’ ‘Unfit solo
(aircrew category to be specified in Med Docs)’ where platelet count is 75-
100x109/l., and A4 where platelet count is less than 75x109/l.
4.
HYPERCOAGULABLE STATES
4.1
Inherited
Recurrent progressive thromboembolism in both venous and arterial systems
hypercoagulable
may occur in the following conditions:
states
Antithrombin III deficiency.
Deficiencies of Protein S (deficiency of Protein C is asymptomatic).
Fibrinolytic system deficiencies.
Dysfibrinogenaemia.
Resistance to Activated Protein C.
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Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. May
require role and deployment restrictions.
4.1.1
Von Leiden factor,
Known carrier, with family history, but with no episodes of thromboembolism.
Other conditions
Congenital deficiency of coagulation inhibitors and activated protein C resistance
are associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism who require
intermittent or lifelong anticoagulation and are usually rejected at entry.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
4.2
Warfarin or other
Requires access to pharmacy; regular blood tests; access to doctor for change of
Anticoagulant
medication based on blood test; regular specialist review.
treatment
Risk of haemorrhage even with minor injury.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Unfit flying duties.
5.
MALIGNANCY See Annex K:Malignancy
6.
SPLEEN
6.1
Splenectomy or
High risk of bacterial sepsis requiring urgent hospital treatment.
functional asplenia
Reduced response to bacterial immunisations; immunisation not available for
many bacteria.
Risk of overwhelming malaria: unable to serve in malarious or potentially
malarious areas.
Risk of other parasitic infections.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
May require role and deployment restrictions. Requires full immunisation cover
and may require ongoing prophylactic medication.
Management of Aircrew:
In the absence of complicating factors, serving personnel who have undergone
splenectomy are to be graded Z5 NZ only in the first instance. If they are
otherwise fit in all respects with no evidence of recurrent disease, and/or
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abdominal sequelae, they can be considered for grading to no higher than Z4
Metropolitan areas only. Individuals should be encouraged to take long term
antibacterial chemoprophylaxis and receive appropriate vaccinations. They are
to be awarded the limitation ‘Unfit to deploy, travel to or reside in malarious
areas’ and unscheduled stop-overs must be covered by appropriate malarial
prophylaxis and advice. Those troubled by inter-current illness should remain Z5
NZ only. Personnel are to be assessed as permanently unfit for any duties
involving dog handling.
All personnel who have had a splenectomy or have reduced splenic function
should have specialist advice on the requirement for prophylactic penicillin V or
erythromycin for life. They should be vaccinated against Haemophilus
influenzae, Meningococcus C (with Men C vaccine) and pneumococcus.
Vaccination against meningococcus A, C and W135 is recommended only if
travelling to endemic areas (sub-Saharan Africa, India and Nepal). Either
Meningococcal A&C vaccine or quadrivalent A, C, Y and W135 vaccine is to be
used in accordance with current advice for the area to be visited.
7.
IRON OVERLOAD
7.1
Haemochromatosis Haemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. Most useful diagnostic
and other iron
tests for iron overload are serum iron, serum transferrin saturation and serum
overload states
ferritin concentration.
7.2
Heterozygote with
Additional information required:
normal iron stores
and liver function
Require a general practitioner (GP) assessment including the following: Gene
tests. Most C282Y
assay (not required to be repeated if applicant can produce evidence of previous
heterozygotes (one
gene assay) and iron studies indicating normal iron stores and liver function tests
mutation only)
in the normal range.
express minor or no
abnormalities of
iron metabolism
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
but a few develop
progressive iron
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
overload and overt
disease
7.3
Homozygotes
Additional information required:
C282Y
If normal iron stores and normal liver function tests, applicants are to be
referred to haematologist or gastroenterologist for risk assessment on the
likelihood of developing haemochromatosis.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
7.4
Haemochroma-
Additional information required:
tosis — family
history in a first
Require a GP assessment including the following: Gene assay (there is no
degree relative
requirement for the GP assessment and gene assay to be repeated if the
applicant can produce previous reports). Current iron studies indicating normal
iron stores and liver function tests in the normal range required.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Heterozygote/
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
homozygote for
C282Y and other
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
genotypes with
iron overload
7.5
Any other
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
condition causing
iron overload
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
8.
OTHER
8.1
G6PD deficiency
Prevents use of Primaquine for malaria eradication. If an applicant produces
copies of G6PD screening, the result is to be recorded in his/her medical records.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Chapter 10: Infective States
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important infective states or disorders.
This sections is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important infections relating to aviation in the NZDF.
3.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific problems: Infective states
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
BACTERIAL
1.1
Syphilis
If not treated, can result in many complications including constitutional
symptoms of fever and lymphadenopathy, dermatological, neurological.
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Decision: Maybe fit if cured with no complications.
Treated
Additional information required:
Assessment by a specialist in infectious diseases with confirmatory blood test,
and a neuropsychiatric assessment if appropriate.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis once recovered.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
If not treated,
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
ongoing disease or
treated but with
Serving aircrew: Unfit flying duties.
persistent
complications
1.2
Tuberculosis
See Annex O: Respiratory system
2.
PARASITIC
2.1
Chronic parasitic
Requires regular medication and specialist care.
infection, including
relapsing malaria
Unable to serve in malarious areas.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Unfit flying duties.
2.1.1
Malaria—single
Treated (including where necessary with eradication therapy for Vivax) with no
episode
recurrence or complications.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.
VIRAL
3.1
Hepatitis A Virus
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
(HAV)
HAV in acute state
HAV is a self-limiting disease followed by full recovery and is acceptable once
symptoms have ceased and enzymes .returned to normal.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.2
Hepatitis B Virus
Causes a wide spectrum of liver disease and the virus infects everybody fluid
(HBV)
(except stool).
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Confirmed hepatitis
Additional information required:
B surface antigen
(HBsAg) positive
Must be assessed by haematologist or appropriate specialist, including
appropriate serology/LFTS etc.
Acute infection
Decision:
Maybe suitable with no haematological or associated medical problem.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Unfit flying duties.
Persistence of
Persistent HBsAg has been associated with:
HBsAg positivity
chronic active
a. Polyarteritis Nodosa;
infection
b. other collagen vascular diseases;
c. membranous glomerulonephritis; and
d. enzymes fluctuate or presence of HBe antigen.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
HBV carrier state
Enzymes not elevated for 12 month period post infection.
Favourable specialist report and enrolled in hepatitis foundation for annual
surveillance.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Reversion to HBsAg
Must be 12 months following seroconversion, WITH SPECIALIST
negative
REPORT confirming complete recovery and no evidence of any ongoing
disease/complications.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.2.1
Management of Aircrew:
A diagnosis of chronic hepatitis is incompatible with continued flying duties until the situation has been
fully assessed and stabilised. In those requiring no therapy, or who are well controlled on small doses of
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steroids (not greater than Prednisone 10 mgs per day) restricted flying in a multi-crew environment
may be considered. Specialist advice would be required.
Patients with acute hepatitis B are to be temporarily downgraded until there is clinical evidence of full
recovery. Carriers of hepatitis B are to be referred to a Consultant Physician to determine their
individual prognosis and management, and their infectivity to others. ‘Low risk carriers’ (HBsAg-
positive, HBeAg-negative) will normally pose minimal hazard to others. ‘High risk carriers’ (HBsAg-
positive, HBeAg-positive) will require counselling regarding sexual contacts and advice regarding
procedures or incidents likely to involve blood-to-blood contact (e.g. dentistry, medical procedures and
contact sports likely to involve blood spills such as boxing). The grading should reflect these
considerations.
3.3
Hepatitis C Virus
Causes a wide spectrum of liver disease and is an infectious risk to others—
(HCV) Anti –HCV
therefore, not deployable.
positive confirms
past or current
Additional information required: Consultation with infectious disease specialist
infection)
or a gastroenterologist, preferably with an interest in hepatitis. May be
considered for enlistment if complete recovery (no viral load on PCR testing for
at least 12 months), normal LFTs and no ongoing complications.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis. Likely to be unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.4
Hepatitis D Virus
Infection with HDV can occur simultaneously with HBV infection or as a super-
(HDV) Acute state
infection in a chronic carrier of HBV.
Fully recovered for
Additional information required:
24 months
Consultation with infectious disease specialist or a gastroenterologist, preferably
with an interest in hepatitis.
Decision:
Seroconversion must be associated with complete recovery and no evidence of
any ongoing disease or complications.
Otherwise unfit.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis. Likely to be unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
If associated with
Fulminant hepatitis is more likely to occur with superinfection, so that combined
HBV
HBV and HDV infections have a worse prognosis than HBV or HDV alone.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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3.5
Hepatitis E Virus
Spread by faecal-oral contact. HEV is a self-limiting disease followed by full
(HEV) Acute stage
recovery and is acceptable after an interval of 24 months.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.6
Hepatitis G
Requires specialist care.
May cause acute liver injury and chronic liver disease.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.7
Human immune-
Progressive immunological disorder.
deficiency virus
infection
Requires highly specialised management and medication.
Infectious risk to others, and therefore, not deployable.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.7.1
Management of Aircrew:
Individuals found to be HIV positive are to be temporarily graded Z5 NZ Only and withdrawn from flying
or controlling duties for investigations and initiation of treatment under the supervision of a specialist.
All individuals will be required to attend for regular follow up and most will be started on Highly Active
Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). Individuals should be unfit flying or controlling whilst initiating,
modifying or discontinuing treatment for a period of at least 2 months. Once an individual’s CD4 count
is in the normal range and the viral load is maintained consistently below 50 copies per ml for 6 months
they should be graded by a formal medical board.
Aircrew and Controllers are to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Individuals are not to be graded
higher than Z4 Metropolitan areas only including the requirement for a pre-deployment health
assessment. The medical board should also consider the side-effects of any medication and the
requirement for regular monitoring. It is expected that HIV positive individuals will be restricted to
‘Unfit solo pilot – must fly with a pilot qualified on type’ or equivalent for other aircrew e.g. ‘Fit to
control only when another qualified controller is on duty and in close proximity’.
The development of subtle neurocognitive symptoms leading to poor performance of complex tasks
should be considered by the medical board and a baseline screening of neurocognitive function should
be performed before the return to flying or controlling duties.
Ongoing functional assessments in the form of routine flight/controlling proficiency tests should be
sufficient to detect individuals whose performance has deteriorated; for whom further neurocognitive
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function should be considered. Additional screening for psychological and cardiovascular conditions
may be required as appropriate.
4.
GENERAL
4.1
Chronic fatigue
Problems with:
syndrome (CFS),
post-viral fatigue
a. CFS and post-viral fatigue.
b. Fatigue and debility with post-exertional malaise.
c. Mild cognitive dysfunction and impaired concentration.
d. Sleep disorders.
e. Arthralgias.
f. Recurrent fever, myalgia, headache and pharyngitis.
g. Multiple medical presentations.
Full recovery with
Additional information required:
no symptoms for 3
or more years
May be acceptable if specialist reports confirm diagnosis and symptomatic
status; and no increased risk of relapse.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
4.2
Unexplained
Decision:
lethargy
Requires full investigation for underlying cause.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
4.3
Generalised
Depends on cause. May be due to serious underlying disorder not compatible
Lymphadeno-pathy with military service.
Decision:
Cause must be established. May be acceptable after recovery self-limiting (e.g.
Epstein Barr Virus or cytomegalovirus) with full recovery and no ongoing
complications.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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4.4
Immune deficiency
Increased risk of infection.
Not compatible with military service.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Likely to require role and deployment restrictions.
4.5
Dengue
Previous Dengue need not exclude enlistment.
However, the risk of Dengue haemorrhagic fever is significantly increased in
those who have had Dengue fever.
Careful consideration should be given re deploying such personnel into
endemic areas. Patient record should be annotated accordingly.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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Chapter 11: Malignancy
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with malignancy disorders.
This section is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
3.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU. Further guidance available in Ernsting’s Aviation and Space medicine
Chapter 28.
Specific problems: Malignancy
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
ACTIVE MALIGNANT CONDITIONS
1.1
All current
Require regular medical review and investigations to assess the risk of
malignant
recurrence. Periodic review at tertiary specialist clinics which may also be
conditions
required to provide treatment.
Morbidity associated with interval chemotherapy and radiotherapy modalities.
Possibility of surgical intervention.
Unresponsiveness requiring palliative care measures.
Overall prognosis both short- and long-term.
The main clinical concerns are to ensure that Service patients continue to
receive all appropriate investigations and follow-up necessary for their
condition, and that their condition does not adversely affect their trade duties or
operational role. There will generally be a period of restricted medical
employment following successful treatment for a malignant condition during
which clinical surveillance may be relatively frequent.
Aircrew are to be managed in the same manner as other serving personnel.
However,
Bleomycin use leads to a permanent risk of increased sensitivity to
oxygen, resulting in a fibrotic lung reaction. It is imperative that aircrew receive
clinically appropriate care and this drug will still be used when indicated.
Nevertheless, such aircrew will then be restricted from flying in aircraft when
oxygen is used routinely. In addition, flying limitations are to be considered if
there is any possibility of incapacitation.
The advice of OC AMU is to be sought in all cases.
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with current malignant conditions are
unfit. The determination on suitability for aircrew training at a later date is to be
determined in conjunction with OC AMU and made on a case by case basis.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis. On
suspicion of a serious malignant disorder, pending investigation or when
confirmed, all aircrew are to be grounded and made temporality unfit flying until
after full recovery and once a prognosis and treatment plan has been confirmed.
The restrictions must depend on the particular condition, the likelihood of
recurrence, the potential for sudden deterioration and the frequency of
specialist review required. Each case is to be judged on its own merits.
All cases are to be medically boarded with advice from OC AMU.
Treatment Phase. In the majority of cases during investigation and treatment,
the patient is to be graded A4 G4 Z5, ‘Unfit service outside base areas’. The
rationale for this is to allow the patient to attend a NZ oncology centre. The
limitation ‘ G4 Metropolitan areas only not exceeding 30 days’ may be awarded
in appropriate cases.
2.
MALIGNANT CONDITION NOW IN REMISSION
Frequent
Once treatment has been completed and the patient is in remission a medical
Surveillance Phase.
category is to be awarded which reflects the patient’s condition, the likelihood
of recurrence, frequency of specialist reviews, residual disability and trade
duties. Whilst specialist review remains more frequently than every 6 months
(i.e. more than twice a year) the patient may be awarded an grading of Z5 NZ
only.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Infrequent
When specialist reviews are every 6 months or less frequent and the patient
Surveillance Phase.
remains free of recurrence upgrading to Z2/Z4 category may be possible.
Normally this could be possible at 2 - 3 years from the end of treatment,
however, in exceptional circumstances an earlier upgrade might be possible.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Additional
Occasionally, malignant conditions are diagnosed fortuitously at a very early
Information
stage when they are very small or localised, often during investigation for a
minor non-malignant condition. Such ‘coincidental’ malignancies often have an
extremely good prognosis and many of these patients could regain a full
employment standard at an early stage.
Aircrew applicants: Case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.1
Cervical cancer
See Carcinoma in situ’.
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Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew can be considered are to be assessed on a case
by case basis.
Treatment
The prognosis for patients with cervical cancer is markedly affected by the
completed
extent of disease at the time of diagnosis.
Additional information required:
An appropriate specialist or oncologist report.
Aircrew applicants: May be acceptable if:
a. Stage 1.
b. More than five years post-treatment.
c. With no recurrence.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.2
Testicular cancer
Good prognosis depends on stage, absence of tumour markers, abdominal
Two broad
computed tomography scan free of masses and normal respiratory function
categories—
tests.
seminoma and non-
seminoma
Additional information required:
An appropriate specialist or oncologist report.
Aircrew applicants: May be acceptable if:
a. Stage I or II.
b. More than five years since diagnosis.
c. Normal tests as above.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Tumours with good International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group
(IGCCCG) prognosis are likely to return to unrestricted flying sooner. Those with
infrequent follow up can potentially return to unrestricted flying after 2 years A3
as/with qualified co-pilot on type (or as applicable for aircrew role).
Bilateral orchidectomy:
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.3
Leukaemia
Adult leukaemia
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
chronic and acute
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Childhood acute
Additional information required:
lymphocytic
leukaemia with no
An appropriate specialist or oncologist report.
recurrence
Aircrew applicants: Acceptable only if:
a. Condition responded rapidly to treatment.
b. Treatment did not include cyclophosphamide.
c. Treatment concluded more than five years ago.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.4
Non-Hodgkin’s
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
lymphoma
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.5
Hodgkin’s disease
Diagnosis and treatment in last five years.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Treatment with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy and disease free off
treatment for five years.
Note: risk of toxicity related to treatment.
Pulmonary and cardiac toxicity. Peripheral neuropathy. Second malignancies
related to chemotherapy.
Aircrew applicants: Case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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2.6
All other malignant Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
conditions in
remission
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2.7
Chemotherapy
Any applicant who has had a condition which necessitated the use of any
treatment
therapeutic chemotherapy agent requires specialist assessment to determine if
the condition is cured, and there are no residual side effects from drug
treatment.
Aircrew applicants: Case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Applicants or aircrew who have been treated with Bleomycin are unfit due to the
risk of respiratory failure with hyperbaric oxygen.
Cardiology review will be required.
3.
SKIN CANCER
Service personnel must work outdoors at times for prolonged periods. Although
sunscreens are provided, ultraviolet (UV) exposure generally, is greater than
expected in most civilian employments.
NZDF duty of care precludes it from exposing personnel to excessive UV and
causing further skin cancers.
3.1
Squamous Cell
SCC have definite metastatic potential and these patients should be re-examined
Carcinoma (SCC)
every three months for the first several years and then followed indefinitely at
six-monthly intervals.
Aircrew applicants: Case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.2
Basal Cell
BCC risk is related to sun exposure as a child and adolescent as well as
Carcinoma (BCC)
cumulative UV exposure. Once one BCC has occurred there is a high risk of
Under treatment
further BCCs. The three-year cumulative risk is estimated between 33 and 77 per
and within 6
cent. Risk is dependent on number of BCCs. Those with truncal BCCs appear to
months
be at increased risk of developing further lesions. Also increased risk of
developing other skin cancers such as SCCs and melanoma. Favourable outcome
depends on prompt identification and excision/treatment.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
BCCs completely
Requires dermatologist report to confirm healing and no further lesions.
excised
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Aircrew applicants: Case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.3
Malignant
Prolonged operational exposure to sunlight in a tropical or sub-tropical
Melanoma
environment may increase the risk of a second primary melanoma in a
susceptible individual.
Any history of malignant melanoma:
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
After recovery, anything other than T1 < or = to 1 mm and complete excision will
require restrictions for a minimum of 8 years. Long term grounding most likely
with nodal involvement.
4.
MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF BONE AND SOFT TISSUE
4.1
Any malignant
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
tumour of bone
and soft tissue
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
These include but
are not limited to:
• Osteosarcoma
and variants
• Chondro-sarcoma
• Ewing’s sarcoma
• Fibrosarcoma
• Malignant
fibrous
histiocytoma
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Leiomyosarcoma
• Multiple
myeloma
• Reticulum-cell
sarcoma (non-
Hodgkin’s
lymphoma);
• Liposarcoma
4.2
Metastatic bone
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
disease
Serving aircrew: Unfit.
4.3
Synovial tumours
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
of the knee
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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4.3.1
Pigmented
Whilst not malignant the only effective treatment is synovectomy. The
villonodular
recurrence rate is high unless excision is complete.
synovitis
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
4.3.2
Synovial sarcoma
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
or
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
4.33
Other tumours of
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
bone associated
with primary or
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
secondary tumours
5.
COLORECTAL CANCER
5.1
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Number of years since completing treatment:
a. Duke’s A T1-2 – May be A1 on completion of treatment and full recovery
and after 6/12 A3 as/with qualified co-pilot on type.
b. Duke’s B T3-4 – May be A1 on completion of treatment and full recovery
and after 4 years A3 as/with qualified co-pilot on type
c. Duke’s C – May be A3 as/with qualified co-pilot on type on completion of
treatment and full recovery.
6.
BREAST CANCER
6.1
The most significant indicators of prognosis are tumour grade, stage as indicated
by histological lymph node involvement, and tumour size. The Nottingham
Prognostic Index (NPI) uses these factors to predict outcome on an individual
basis. Scores are grouped as excellent. Good, moderate and poor.
The requirement for long term medication may require additional restrictions
depending on potential for medication related side effects.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
After recovery, anything other than Good or Excellent prognosis will require
restrictions for a minimum of 10 years.
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Grounding (A4) for minimum 5 years for poor prognoses.
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Chapter 12: Mental Health System
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important mental health disorders.
This section is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important mental health conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific problems: Mental health system
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
MENTAL HEALTH
Disturbances of mental state may be associated with an unacceptable
impairment of judgement in the execution of safety critical tasks.
All aircrew who develop significant disturbances of their mental state are to be
awarded a temporary medical grade of A4 G4/5 Z4/5, with the limitations ‘Unfit
aircraft controlling duties’, ‘Unfit service outside base areas’ and ‘Unfit handling
live arms’
In cases which have been discussed with OC AMU, it may be possible to
recommend temporary restrictions to the type of flying (for example, ‘Unfit
operational flying’. Aircrew should normally be assessed by an aviation aware
psychiatrist.
With the exception of Temazepam, authorised for hypnotic use during
operational, exercise and route flying, aircrew are not fit for flying duties whilst
taking any psychotropic medication, unless specifically cleared by OC AMU at
medical board.
1.
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders include generalised anxiety, specific phobias, agoraphobia,
social phobia and panic disorder. Some anxiety problems associated with
stressful circumstances may be more appropriately classified as adjustment
disorder. Symptoms and signs can include palpitations, tremor, shortness of
breath, chest pain, dizziness, fatigue, weakness, headaches and paraesthesia. In
panic disorder there is a risk of sudden incapacitation.
Serving aircrew that develop an anxiety disorder are to be managed on a case by
case basis. Aircrew would normally be fit to return to flying in a limited capacity.
1.1
Panic Disorder
Any history or presence of panic disorder renders aircrew applicant unfit for
aircrew.
1.2
Agoraphobia
Any history or presence of agoraphobia renders aircrew applicant unfit for
aircrew.
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1.3
Specific Phobia
Any history or presence of specific phobia may render applicant unfit for
aircrew. To be assessed on individual basis.
1.3.1
Flying Phobia
Aircrew presenting with flying phobia require assessment by psychiatrists or
psychologists with experience of treating this problem. Liaison with OC AMU is
required.
Flying phobia is a heterogeneous disorder and may be the presenting symptom
of a number of conditions.
Although not uncommon in the general population, flying phobia is rare in
trained aircrew. During management, temporary restrictions to the type of
flying, (for example, ‘unfit operational flying’, may be more appropriate than
grounding. The final medical category will be dependent upon the underlying
diagnosis, extent of recovery and the assessed risk of recurrence.
See section 5.9.2 Loss of Confidence in Flying below.
1.4
Social Phobia
Any history or presence of social phobia renders aircrew applicant unfit for
aircrew.
1.5
Obsessive-
Any history or presence of OCD renders applicant unfit for aircrew.
Compulsive
disorder (OCD)
Serving aircrew: When a diagnosis of a serious OCD is made in a serving aircrew
member it necessitates permanent grounding.
1.6
Post-Traumatic
Aircrew Applicants: Any history or presence of PTSD renders aircrew applicant
Stress Disorder
unfit for aircrew.
(PTSD)
Serving aircrew: Serving Aircrew who develop an acute stress reaction are to be
treated by the principles of Proximity, Immediacy and expectancy (PIE) and are
to be returned to flying status as soon as the acute reaction has subsided.
Aircrew who develop PTSD are to be managed on a case by case basis. They
need to be assessed and monitored very carefully to ensure that symptoms do
not constitute a flight safety hazard.
Once considered fit to return to limited flying, pilots with PTSD are to be graded
A3, as or with Co-pilot qualified on type until the symptoms have subsided. A
period of 6 months free of symptoms and off all medications is to be observed
before restoration of a full A1 category is considered.
See Annex L Section 6.
1.7
Acute Stress
Any history or presence of ASD renders aircrew applicant unfit for aircrew.
Disorder (ASD)
Serving aircrew: See Annex L Section 6.
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1.8
Generalised
Any history or presence of GAD renders aircrew applicant unfit for aircrew.
anxiety disorder
(GAD)
1.9
Substance Induced
Any history or presence of substance induced anxiety disorder renders
anxiety disorder
aircrew applicant unfit for aircrew.
2.
DEPRESSION
2.1
Depression
In general terms mild and self-limiting conditions are more likely to be
compatible with future aviation related service. More severe and
prolonged illness is likely to be recurrent in nature and thus affect an
individual’s ability to provide regular and consistent military service.
2.1.1
Aircrew Applicants
A single episode of low mood reported to the GP that requires no
counselling or medication is acceptable for enlistment provided this has
completely resolved and the applicant has been well for 1 year since
recovery.
A single episode of depression, that requires a short course of counselling
(6 sessions) or a short course of antidepressant medication (less than 6
months) may be acceptable for review 2 years after the medications have
been weaned and ceased. Favourable criteria would be where there is an
identifiable exacerbating factor and this has now been removed.
A single episode of depression that requires more prolonged counselling or
antidepressant medication (in excess of 6 months) prior to weaning may
be acceptable for review 3 years (depending on severity) after the
medications have been weaned and ceased. Assessed on a case by case
basis.
More than 1 episode of depression requiring treatment is a bar to aircrew
enlistment.
Depression with an episode of significant attempt at self harm is a cause
for rejection.
Where first line antidepressants have been tried and failed this could
indicate severe depression and careful consideration should be given to
suitability for enlistment.
2.1.2
Depression in aircrew
Aircrew in a safety critical role require careful management. Expectations
need to be addressed from the outset as long term restrictions may apply
and these will have a significant impact on short term operational fitness
and potentially on medium to long term career aspirations.
Disturbances of mental state may be associated with an unacceptable
impairment of judgement in the execution of safety critical tasks. Even mild
cases may be associated with significant loss of concentration, inattention,
indecisiveness, fatigue, insomnia and loss of motivation. An individual with
an affective disorder (depressive illness or manic disorder) is at risk of self-
harm or harm to others.
Non controlling aircrew are subject to the same policy as pilots and
observers; however there may be an opportunity for flexibility based on a
case by case basis, their role and in consultation with OC AMU.
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2.1.3
Diagnosis
Based on clinical assessment by DSM V criteria.
2.1.4
Management
Referral. All pilots/Observers with significant depression should be
assessed by a Psychiatrist.
Treatment. The following forms of treatment are accepted:
a. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).
b. SSRIs: only Citalopram, Sertraline or Escitalopram
Grading: Awarded a temporary A4 G4 Z5 until such time that symptoms have
resolved. Minimum of 4 weeks.
Reviews:
All should be assessed by regular depression scoring with a validated
depression scale, such as Hamilton Depression Scale, Hospital Anxiety and
Depression scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire
or Kessler.
Medication:
With the exception of Temazepam, authorised for hypnotic use during
operational, exercises and route flying under specific direction, aircrew are
not fit for flying duties whilst taking any psychotropic medication (including
medication for treatment of non mental health disorders) other than those
listed in para 2.1.4 above.
2.1.5
Return to flying
Conditions:
a. All should have an occupational performance report from their line
manager to confirm suitability to return to flying.
b. Once assessments are clinically satisfactory and either treatment is
complete without recurrence or they remain on maintenance SSRI
therapy.
c. When Pilots/Observers have had a satisfactory simulator check and/or
check flight with a QFI/QHI. Other aircrew to have cat checks as
appropriate.
d. All should remain under medical supervision with at least monthly
clinical reviews.
Grading:
a.
On medication. No higher than A3 (unfit solo), G4 (unfit operational
areas), Z4.
b.
Change of dose or medication. Unfit flying 1 month A4.
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c.
Cessation of medication. Unfit flying 1 month A4. If remain well then 3-
6 months no higher than A3 (unfit solo), G4 (unfit operational areas),
Z4.
d.
CBT only. No higher than A3 (unfit solo), G4 (unfit operational areas),
Z4.
e.
Full flying with no restrictions. When off all medication/CBT and well
for 3-6 months after cessation of medication/CBT. Will have G3 marker
for 12 months.
2.1.6
Return to Operational
PMO JOHG policy directs that NZDF personnel diagnosed with a depressive
Duties
illness or an anxiety disorder (including PTSD & Adjustment disorder) must
be graded 445 (unfit to deploy) upon diagnosis. Aviation grading to be
awarded in line with para 2.1.5 above.
Normally personnel
not commenced on medication, must be symptom
free for a period of a minimum of 6 months before re-grading to a
deployable status.
Before personnel can be upgraded after commencing a medication, they
must:
a. remain symptom free for a period of 6 months following cessation of
the medication; or
b. be symptom free for a period of 12 months while remaining on a
stable dose of the prescribed medication.
Personnel remaining dependent on medications must be graded 432 (unfit
operational deployment, dependent on medication).
Operational deployment of these pers would depend on command
application for a waiver and the pers individual risk assessed against the
specific risk of the mission.
2.2
Depression—if diagnosis
Additional information required:
vague, not substantiated
or possibly incorrect
Will be assessed on case by case basis in line with standards above.
2.3
Dysthymic disorder
People with dysthymia frequently have a superimposed major depressive
disorder, and these patients are less likely to have a complete recovery.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit aircrew enlistment.
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2.4
Bipolar Disorder
Any history or presence of bipolar disorder renders applicant unfit for
aircrew. Serving Aircrew: Aircrew who develop bipolar disorder are unfit
flying. Medications used to treat bipolar disease are incompatible with
flying.
2.5
Cyclothymic disorder
Cyclothymic Disorder is a chronic bipolar disorder, hence unfit aircrew
entry.
2.6
Mood disorder due to
Depends on underlying medical condition, management and whether in
general medical
remission. See above in relation depression and below in reaction to
condition
adjustment reaction.
2.7
Substance Induced Mood Any history or presence of substance induced mood disorder renders
disorder
applicant unfit for aircrew.
2.8
Adjustment Reaction
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with a short-lived adjustment
reaction can be considered for aircrew training after being symptom free
for 1 year, provided no medication has been required and satisfactory
supporting medical and occupational reports are obtained. See above.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew can be considered for a return to flying 6
months following recovery from a short-lived adjustment reaction. A 6
month period of A3, as or with co-pilot may be considered for pilots.
Variance may be considered on discussion with OC AMU.
3
PSYCHOSES
3.1
Psychotic illness and
This section includes: schizophrenia, schizoaffective, schizophreniform
delusional disorders
disorders.
Aircrew Applicants: Any history or presence of psychotic illness renders
applicant unfit for aircrew.
Serving Aircrew: Serving aircrew who develop schizophrenia are unfit
flying.
3.2
Acute/Brief Psychotic
Aircrew Applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of a psychotic illness
Episode
or depression are not fit for aircrew training.
Serving aircrew: Non pilot serving aircrew who develop a one off, short-
lived episode with an obvious non recurring precipitant may be considered
for a return to flying once they have been off all medications and remain
symptom free for a period of 1 year, subject to specialist advice and
favourable reports. Flying restrictions may apply on initial return to flying.
Pilots who develop a one off, short-lived episode with an obvious non
recurring precipitant may be considered for a return to flying once they
have been off all medications and remain symptom free for a period of 1
year.
A permanent grading of A3, as or with co-pilot qualified on type would be
the maximum grading awarded.
3.3
Psychotic disorder due
Aircrew Applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of a Psychotic
to general medical
disorder due to general medical condition are not fit for aircrew training.
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condition
3.4
Substance
Aircrew Applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of a Substance
induced psychotic
induced psychotic disorder are not fit for aircrew training.
disorder
4
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
4.1
Drug or alcohol
Lack of concentration, self-discipline and drive are not compatible
with
dependency or
military or aircrew training. Risk of injury to self and others; and risk of
non-medical use of drugs
abusing medical system and pharmaceuticals available. Regular medical
(including neurotropic or
review required and may need hospitalisation and psychiatric treatment
psychotropic drug use)
Alcoholism is a difficult condition to define, however, when alcohol
interferes and degrades an individual 's, health, interpersonal
relationships, efficiency at work, timekeeping, financial situation or social
conduct, he/she has a problem with his/her alcohol intake. Alcohol abuse
has a multifactorial aetiology and these factors can take much time and
effort and support. In addition, aircrew who have been treated for alcohol
abuse problems may relapse, therefore long term follow up and support is
required. As alcohol abuse is an obvious flight safety hazard it has to be
treated seriously and aggressively.
4.1.1
History of dependency
Aircrew Applicant: Any candidate with a history of drug or alcohol
dependency is permanently unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: The confirmed diagnosis of alcohol abuse by MO will
require an immediate grounding while the degree of abuse is assessed.
A medical category of A4G5Z5 R3 is appropriate. Persistent harmful use of
alcohol is to be managed as below.
Management:
Liaison with OC AMU required. Specialist assessment is required by an
approved alcohol and addiction disorders counsellor (clinical psychologist
or psychiatrist). To include bloods: MCV, LFT(GGT), blood alcohol, and
%CDT (for alcohol misuse) and hair analysis for cannabis, amphetamines,
methamphetamines, cocaine, opiates and BDZs (for substance misuse) and
alcohol questionnaire (e.g. Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire,
The Alcohol Problems Questionnaire and Alcohol Use Disorders
Identification Test (AUDIT).
Within confines of medical confidentiality, Squadron Commanders must be
made aware of the individual’s problem and the treatment being offered,
so that they are in a position to monitor progress and support the
therapy.
Once diagnosis of alcohol dependency or persistent harmful use of alcohol
is made, grade to A4G5Z5. Commence treatment and document
abstinence.
Depending on the individual case and at the discretion of OC AMU,
treatment and review may include in-patient treatment of some weeks
followed by periodic specialist review, and blood/hair testing and buddy
reports at each review. An alcohol education programme should be
embarked upon and strict goals defined which need to be achieved before
flying status is reinstated. The underlying predisposing factors should be
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explored and rectified if possible. Aircrew may also seek support from
HIMS (website www.HIMS.co.nz)
Minimum of 3 monthly Av MO review.
If the individual refuses treatment or problems persist beyond the second
review a permanent medical category of A4 G3 Z4/5 is to be awarded.
Return to Flying:
Aircrew should not return to flying duties until they can demonstrate that
they have the ability to control their drinking, and that their physical state,
including liver function tests, have returned to normal. In all cases a
satisfactory report from their Line Manager or SQN CO is required.
A fit assessment may be considered by OC AMU after a period of 18
months - 2 years documented sobriety or freedom from substance misuse.
A fit assessment may be considered earlier (at 6-12 months) subject to
satisfactory reports, in the case of persistent harmful drinking without
dependency.
A3 G4 Z5 - A multi-pilot (AWQCPOT/Class 1 OML) or With Safety Crew
(WSC) limitation may be appropriate, NZ only, TRUMS (AvMO).
Monitoring:
Follow up may be required indefinitely in severe cases. If relapse occurs, a
further period of grounding is required, pending further
assessment/treatment. More than one episode or a single relapse is likely
to be permanently disqualifying for military flying duties.
A return to flying duties should be gradual. An A3 category, “unfit solo
pilot” is appropriate with limitation to local flights within New Zealand
initially. This can be relaxed at a later date when stability has been
demonstrated. A full flying category may only be regained after a 3-year
period free of alcohol problems (12-18 months may be possible for
persistent harmful use and only if truly non-dependent).
4.1.2
Any current medical
Aircrew Applicant: Permanently unfit aircrew training.
problems such as
cirrhosis
Serving Aircrew: Likely to be permanently unfit flying. Assess on case by
or depression
case basis.
4.1.3
Hazardous levels of
Aircrew Applicant: Likely to be permanently unfit aircrew training.
alcohol
Consider Alcohol and Drug report to assess level, risk and any
use ( as per ALAC criteria) recommendations for treatment.
Serving Aircrew: Aircrew will require immediate grounding while the
degree of abuse or persistent harmful use of alcohol is assessed. With or
without apparent clinical dependency or associated medical problems an
Alcohol & Drug report is to be obtained to assess level, risk and any
recommendations for treatment. See above – Alcohol dependency section.
4.1.4
Currently on drug or
Aircrew Applicant: Permanently unfit aircrew training.
alcohol rehabilitation
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treatment or programme
4.1.5
Completed drug
Aircrew Applicant: Permanently unfit aircrew training.
rehabilitation treatment
or
programme
4.1.6
Previous failed drug
Aircrew Applicant: Permanently unfit aircrew training.
rehabilitation
programme
4.1.7
Conviction or offence
Aircrew Applicant: Likely to be permanently unfit flying. Assess on case by
related to driving under
case basis.
influence of alcohol or
drugs (DUI)
Serving Aircrew: Specialist assessment is required; by an approved alcohol
and addiction disorders counsellor (clinical psychologist or psychiatrist).
If no alcohol related medical disorder is confirmed or a diagnosis is
uncertain (e.g. first drink driving conviction) fitness to fly may be
maintained after discussion with OC AMU. NB One Drink Driving
Conviction is associated with 10% risk of alcohol dependency.
4.1.8
3rd Party Notification of
Serving aircrew: A 3rd party notification must be investigated – discussion
alcohol misuse
with the individual / MO / GP and CO may help to verify. OC AMU to be
informed. Aircrew should be reviewed by specialist if reasonable suspicion
or allegation substantiated.
5
OTHERS
5.1
Self Harm and Suicide
Aircrew Applicants: An applicant with a single self/harm attempt, with no
attempts
other psychological/psychiatric illness and an obvious precipitant may be
considered no sooner than 3 years post event. Applicants with a history of
more than one event are not fit for aircrew training
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew may be considered for a return to flying
once the precipitating factor has been removed, there is no residual
psychiatric / psychological problems and at least one year post incident.
Pilots are to be graded A3, Fit as or with co-pilot qualified on type for a
period of two years.
5.2
Postpartum depression
Aircrew applicant: Can be applied to any of the above disorders.
as defined by
Requires careful assessment. Likely to require minimum of 3 year deferral
DSM V
for aircrew enlistment.
Serving aircrew: Manage on case by case basis, but in principle to be
managed in line with guidance in section 2.1 above.
5.3
Learning Disorders
The term learning disorder is a non-specific term for numerous disorders
of cognition in various combinations and levels of severity. Learning
disorders may be associated with underlying abnormalities in cognitive
function including deficits in attention, memory, linguistic and numeric
processes.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew selection.
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5.4
Attention deficit
There may be doubt over validity of original historic diagnosis. Careful
Spectrum Disorders
assessment is required where doubt exists. Aircrew training is likely to be
unsuitable.
5.4.1
Attention deficit
Inability to concentrate , carry out orders precisely and without question
hyperactivity disorder
Risk of injury to self or others if exacerbation
(ADHD) and
Occurs. Regular specialist review. Regular medication required.
Attention deficit disorder (ADD) and disruptive
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew selection.
behaviour disorders
5.4.2
Previous history with no
Aircrew applicant: If mild or disputed diagnosis then requires report from
medication or symptoms
treating psychiatrist or paediatrician and recommendation from a clinical
for at least 2 years
psychologist (a neuropsychological assessment must be sought from a
specialist who deals with this disorder).
Educational and employer reports required. An additional stand down
period may be required. Assess on case by case basis.
5.4.3
Normal functioning but
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew selection.
dependent on continual
medication
5.4.4
Any history of
Any history of ADHD or ADD with disruptive behaviour disorders.
oppositional defiant
disorder or conduct
Aircrew applicant: Generally unfit aircrew selection.
disorder
5.5
Eating Disorders
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of a significant eating
disorder are unfit for aircrew training.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew who are diagnosed with an eating
disorder will be managed on a case by case basis, initially being grounded
for appropriate assessment and management.
5.6
Sleepwalking
Aircrew applicants: Commencing after or continuing beyond the age of 14
years – unfit aircrew selection.
5.7
Trans-gender Dysphoria
Aircrew applicants: An applicant undergoing or contemplating gender
or reassignment
reassignment. Does not meet NZDF medical enlistment criteria due to
required level of ongoing medical support (including regular medication).
Serving aircrew: Aircrew Individuals who present with Gender Dysphoria
are to be awarded a medical category of A4 G3 Z4/5 with the limitations
‘unfit flying’, ‘unfit handling live arms’ ‘unfit for service outside base
areas’.
The individual is to be referred for specialist support in accordance with
Defence Health protocols. Liaison with OC AMU is required.
The individual’s subsequent medical category is to be managed flexibly in
accordance with the developing clinical situation. Individuals who
successfully complete the Sex Reassignment Surgery and are able to
function on a day-to-day basis in the opposite sex role are to be awarded a
medical category of G3 with no limitation, unless clinical condition or
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medication being taken may affect flight safety. Fitness for flying to be
assessed in consultation with OC AMU.
5.8
Personality Disorders
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with a diagnosed personality
disorder are unfit aircrew training.
Serving aircrew: The diagnosis of a serious personality disorder is in a
serving aircrew member necessitates permanent grounding.
5.9
Stress
MOs should be well aware that Service flying is a demanding and exacting
occupation and inseparable from this is the fact that high levels of
dedication and professionalism are demanded.
This inevitably generates stresses, which, if added to the ever present
stresses of day to day life, can become excessive. Some aircrew neither
recognise stress within themselves nor understand how to cope with it. At
annual aircrew medical the MO must always be on the alert for stress
induced physical illness. In addition he should be alert to the indicators of
unacceptable methods of coping with stress such as alcohol and drug
abuse.
If excessive stress or abnormal coping methods are suspected, the MO
should sympathetically enquire into the aircrew member’s potential
stressors and advise on other methods of coping with stress. This may
require referral to an appropriately trained psychologist.
5.9.1
Deterioration in Flying
Occasionally MOs may be called upon to provide an opinion regarding
Performance
medical or psychological factors which could have caused a reduction in an
individual’s flying performance.
A full medical examination is mandatory to exclude physical causes and in
addition, the aircrew member should be referred to OC AMU for his/her
opinion and recommendation on the provision of a psychological opinion.
Many correctable causes for deterioration in performance can be
identified and thereby avoid the loss of an experienced aircrew member.
An occupational report from the individual’s Line Manager or OC, is
required.
5.9.2
Loss of Confidence in
Aircrew who have lost their confidence in flying may either self refer to the
Flying
MO, or be referred by their Squadron Commanding Officer.
Often aircrew will not openly approach the MO advising that they have an
issue of loss of confidence in flying but may present regularly with medical
conditions that necessitate their temporary removal from flying. The MO
need to be alert to the fact that the underlying cause for this pattern of
behaviour may be a loss of confidence in flying.
An occupational report from the individual’s Line Manager or OC, is
required.
The MO is to ensure that sufficient time is allocated to explore, in a
sympathetic manner, all possible avenues to establish any physical,
psychological, or social aetiological factors which could have precipitated
the loss of confidence. The MO has many ways of collecting and collating
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medical, professional and personal information the aircrew member which
may be of value in formulating a diagnosis, treatment and support of his
problem. In addition, the MO has many supporting agencies to call upon
to support the aircrew member during this difficult time. These agencies
include the Padre, Aviation Psychologist, Civilian Psychologist, Psychiatrist
and other medical specialists.
Following the medical evaluation which would normally include evaluation
by OC AMU, a medical recommendation is to be made as to the disposal of
the aircrew member which could be either:
a. Fit to return to flying
b. Excused flying duties for a given period, and
c. Excused flying duties permanently.
The aircrew member’s medical grade is to be adjusted accordingly. The
opinion is to be conveyed in writing to the aircrew member’s Squadron
Commanding Officer for their further action. Discussion and close liaison
with the Squadron Commanding Officer throughout the period of the
medical assessment is vital and in the best interests of the aircrew
member concerned. However, as always this requires the aircrew
member’s consent.
6
POST AVIATION MISHAP OR INCIDENT
6.1
Psychological Impact of
MOs are to be alert to the possible psychological sequelae for those
Aviation Mishaps or
involved in any incident. The MO is to take a psychological history from
Incidents
anyone who has been involved in an aircraft accident, whether an ejectee
or not, prior to his return to duty. MOs should note that personnel from
the emergency services and crash recovery teams are also at risk of
developing difficulties and may require medical assistance and advice.
Social pressures may prevent individuals admitting to stress related
problems; in particular, peer group pressure amongst aircrew is a powerful
influence affecting the way they appear to respond following an accident.
Consequently, it is preferable for the MO, who should maintain a high
index of suspicion, to be known to the individual. The use of the ‘Impact of
Event Scale’ allows some degree of quantification of post-incident
psychiatric morbidity and its inclusion in the medical record is also of
medico-legal benefit. A score of 15 or more should prompt referral for
psychiatric evaluation. When there is any doubt about the individual’s
response to the accident, the MO is to discuss the case with a consultant in
psychiatry, who has experience in managing aviators and / or military
personnel.
MOs are to take every opportunity to educate aircrew and the unit
executive about the implications of stress related conditions, their
normality, and the importance of handling them correctly. In particular,
the executive and supervisors should be made aware of their role in the
management of personnel following an accident.
Prolonged follow-up of those involved in an aircraft accident may be
necessary, particularly from a psychological standpoint. In the first
instance this follow-up is the responsibility of the MO who may seek
further specialist advice if this is clinically indicated.
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Following clearance by the appropriate specialists, all individuals are to be
seen by their unit MO for an assessment of their fitness to return to work
or flying.
The MO is to satisfy him or herself that the individual is fully fit for all
aspects of their job. Any doubts about fitness should be discussed with OC
AMU and appropriate specialists.
For the first year following return to work, individuals are to be reviewed
at least six monthly to confirm continuing fitness. Thereafter, if review is
necessary, aircrew can be monitored at their periodic medical
examination. To prevent loss of surveillance on posting, the losing MO is to
notify the gaining MO of individuals who have been involved in a
significant aircraft mishap or accident.
7
PSYCHOACTIVE MEDICATION
7.1
Use of antidepressant
Nortriptyline and Bupropion can be used for smoking cessation.
medication for smoking
cessation
Wherever possible, clinicians are encouraged to manage smoking cessation
using NRT and lower level support services which do not interfere
significantly with employability.
The initiation of smoking cessation should ideally be undertaken when
aircrew are in a stable environment where support is available. Furthermore
this would usefully be at a time away from flying duties, ideally over a
minimum of 3 months.
7.1.1
Use of Bupropion
Bupropion (Zyban). The drug Bupropion is of proven effectiveness but has
significant side effects, which include grand mal seizures, impaired
concentration, anxiety, depression and agitation.
It is not recommended as a first line treatment in the NZDF due to its
occupational implications and its adverse effects profile.
Due to the psycho-active nature of Bupropion and its side-effects, the use
of the drug precludes any flying duties.
In view of the significant occupational implications when taking Bupropion,
Service personnel using the drug are unfit
to deploy operationally and are to be awarded a temporary medical
category A4 G4 Z4, ‘unfit for service outside base areas’ and ‘unfit handling
live arms’.
Aircrew are to be advised to consider deferring treatment with Bupropion
until they are on a non-flying tour.
Although there is no standard requirement to amend the Z category, it
should be noted that malaria prophylaxis is not to be taken with
Bupropion.
Where aircrew have received a course of treatment with Bupropion they
may be upgraded and returned to flying duties no earlier than 2 weeks
after ceasing the treatment. Return to flying is subject to a satisfactory
medical examination conducted by an Av MO.
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If neurological or neuropsychiatric side-effects have been experienced
whilst taking Bupropion, return to flying is dependent on the results of a
medical assessment undertaken by an Av MO and following discussion
with OC AMU.
Return to flying after suffering a grand mal seizure, as a result of taking
Bupropion, is at the discretion of the OC AMU who is to seek the opinion
of a Consultant in Neurology.
7.1.2
Use of Varenicline
Varenicline’s side-effects include suicidal ideation and behaviours.
(Champix)
Varenicline is not to be prescribed to aircrew at any juncture, whether
currently engaged in flying / aircraft controlling duties or not
In the event that this medication has been incorrectly prescribed it must be
immediately tapered and withdrawn. A further 3 month period of
grounding/non-controlling duties is required once the medication has been
stopped and all aircrew should be reviewed by an Av MO and following
discussion with OC AMU before resuming normal duties.
7.1.3
Use of Nortriptyline (and
Due to the requirement for increasing daily divided doses over the course
other antidepressant
of treatment with a psychoactive substance with known side effects,
medication) for smoking
especially sedation, aircrew are to be grounded whilst receiving
cessation or neuropathic
nortriptyline for smoking cessation.
pain
Use of nortriptyline, even in low doses for neuropathic pain, is not
compatible with safety critical flying duties.
7.2
Medication to enhance
The RNZAF utilises a tiered hierarchical approach to the management of
performance (Fatigue
fatigue and enhancement of performance on flying operations. The
Risk management)
foundation starts with the setting of appropriate rostering and planning of
work/rest/sleep cycles. Management controls provide the next level of
oversight. Individual management though implementation of personalised
plans, developed and supported by AMU or DHMC trained staff, can be
augmented by the controlled use of sleep aids and stimulants. Only a
limited number of medications are approved and these must be carefully
managed and overseen by an AvMO.
Refer to stand alone policy covering Temazepam, Zopiclone and Caffeine.
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Chapter 13: Musculoskeletal System
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important musculoskeletal disorders.
This section is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important musculoskeletal conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific problems: Musculoskeletal system
a.
Orthopaedics
b.
Rheumatology
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
GENERAL ORTHOPAEDICS
1.1
Osteomyelitis
Acute
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full resolution.
Chronic
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Serving aircrew: May require permanent grounding.
1.2
Tuberculosis—
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
spinal
Serving aircrew: May require permanent grounding.
1.3
Osteoarthritis,
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
including post-
traumatic
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function. May
require permanent restriction from ejection seat aircraft
.
1.4
Chronic
Unrestricted flying may be possible when there is no disability provided that
inflammatory
maintenance therapy is compatible with aircrew duties.
joint and soft
tissue
Particular attention is directed at assessment of the cervical spine and it may be
disorders e.g. list
necessary to avoid ejection seat aircraft.
conditions
Successful management requires prompt diagnosis and early treatment with
disease modifying drugs.
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Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function. May
require permanent restrictions in ejection seat, RW aircraft and NVG operations.
Unrestricted flying/solo controlling is occasionally possible in mild
‘undifferentiated’ disease after assessment by a consultant in Rheumatology and
OC AMU.
Treatment: Hazardous duty, including flying / solo controlling should be
suspended for 7 days following first exposure to each NSAID prescribed.
Dehydration should be avoided whilst taking NSAIDs because the renal response
to dehydration/hypovolaemia is impaired.
Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: (DMARDs) include Sulphasalazine,
Methotrexate, Leflunomide, Cyclosporin, Azathioprine and Gold. All of these
drugs have potentially serious side effects and therefore require regular
monitoring and downgrading to ‘Unfit for service outside base areas’. For most
drugs this will apply throughout the period of treatment. In the case of
Sulphasalazine, routine monitoring may be stopped after 12 months and if
disease control is satisfactory then less restrictive geographical category might
be considered, after consultation with a consultant in Rheumatology. None of
the drugs require permanent withdrawal from flying duties but because of the
risk of early toxic side effects and slow onset of action, flying duties should be
suspended for the first 2 months and only reinstated following confirmation of
fitness to fly by OC AMU.
Hydroxychloroquine is less toxic (if less effective) and requires 28 days cessation
of flying unfit solo controlling and the limitation ‘unfit for service outside base
areas’. Aircrew taking Hydroxychloroquine are to have annual ophthalmic
screening whilst on treatment.
Steroids prescribed in low dose (10 mgs or less daily) as maintenance therapy
may be compatible with a limited flying category (‘Unfit solo pilot - must fly with
a pilot suitably qualified on type’) or close proximity controlling (‘Fit to control
only when another controller is on duty and in close proximity’) on the
recommendation of a consultant in Rheumatology and
following OC AMU
advice. Higher doses are incompatible with hazardous duties (including aircrew
duties / solo controlling) because of the many adverse effects, particularly
neuro-psychiatric, and blunting of the normal stress response.
Anti-TNF therapy may be considered as single or combined (with other DMARDS)
therapy for patients intolerant of or with unsatisfactory response to standard
DMARDS. Patients started on anti-TNF therapy should be temporarily
downgraded NZ only with the potential to be upgraded (Z4 or base areas only)
after 12 months, subject to satisfactory Rheumatology and AvMed opinions.
Monitoring of patients on DMARDS and anti-TNF therapy should be in
accordance with published best practice guidelines.
1.4.1
Reactive Arthritis
Reactive arthritis: Unrestricted flying / solo controlling is possible in most cases
following resolution of the initial episode. Extra-articular lesions such as
inflammatory eye disease are of particular importance and should prompt
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immediate specialist referral as appropriate. HLA-B27 positive patients are at a
greater risk of developing spondylitis which is usually mild but may be significant
enough to affect the flying category
.
1.4.2
SLE
An unlimited flying/solo controlling category may be possible if the disease is
mild and restricted to the skin (with no photosensitivity) and the
musculoskeletal system. Moderate to severe disease, especially when there is
major internal involvement is incompatible with a flying category and may have
implications for solo controlling.
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1.5
Juvenile chronic
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
arthritis
1.6
Gout
Refer Annex H; Endocrine and Metabolic System.
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit. In exceptions
waivers maybe applied for lateral recruits.
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function.
Normally aircrew are to be grounded for the first 4 weeks of anti-hyperuricaemic
treatment. Unrestricted flying / controlling is permitted after appropriate
treatment has been instituted and symptoms have settled.
1.7
Ankylosing
Serving aircrew: If there is significant axial or peripheral stiffness an in-cockpit
spondylitis
functional assessment will be required. Functional assessment will need to be
repeated at intervals to ensure disease progression does not compromise the
aircrew member’s fitness to operate the aircraft safely.
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function.
An unrestricted flying category can be retained where there is good spinal
mobility. Persistent symptoms (especially whilst flying) may require a specific
aircraft type limitation. Irreversible loss of cervical mobility, spinal osteoporosis
or spondylitic cervical x-ray changes are incompatible with ejection seat aircraft
and may be render the aircrew member unfit to fly aircraft with parachute
escape systems
.
1.8
Marfan’s
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
syndrome—
associated with
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function. May
scoliosis,
require permanent restrictions.
spondylolisthesis,
slipped
epiphysis and
other
systems’ disorders
1.9
Ehlers-Danlos
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Syndrome skin
laxity, joint
hypermobility,
vascular fragility
1.10
Osteogenesis
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
imperfecta
1.11
General laxity,
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
indicating
a hypermobility
syndrome
1.12
Muscle wasting
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
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1.13
Muscular
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
dystrophy
1.14
Peripheral
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
neuropathy
from trauma/injury Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function. May
require permanent restrictions.
1.15
Chronic pain.
Refer annex N; Neurological System.
Includes:
Neuropathic pain,
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Complex
Regional pain
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function. May
syndrome,
require permanent restrictions.
Psychogenic pain
syndromes and all
other
presentations
involving
chronic pain
1.16
Spinal cord lesions
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Serving aircrew: May require permanent grounding.
1.17
Spina bifida
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – likely to be unfit pilot
and Rotary Wing aircraft.
If asymptomatic with no functional impairment, no more than one vertebra
involved, no dimpling of the skin, no history of surgical repair, and no additional
risk likely as a consequence of military training then maybe fit for other aircrew
roles.
1.18
Tumours of bone
Refer annex K; Malignancy.
1.18.1
Malignancy of
Refer annex K; Malignancy.
bone
1.18.2.1
Osteoid osteoma
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
1.18.2.2
Simple bone cyst
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function. May
require permanent restrictions.
1.18.2.3
Other non-
malignant
tumours of soft
tissue
and bone
1.19
Raynaud’s Disease
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – likely to be unfit.
/ Phenomena
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function. May
require permanent restrictions.
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Primary Raynaud’s phenomenon is compatible with an unrestricted category
provided that symptoms are well controlled. A requirement to avoid cold
conditions may limit deployability.
Secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon is often associated with severe underlying
disease and limitations almost always apply, dependent upon the severity of the
vasospasm and the underlying disorder.
2.
INJURIES TO A BONE OR JOINT
2.1
Amputations
2.1.1
Amputation of
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
major limb
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on residual
function. May require permanent restrictions
.
2.2
Joint
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
replacement—
any joint
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on residual
function. May require permanent restrictions.
2.3
Joint instability,
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
dislocations and
subluxations
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on residual
function. May require permanent grounding or restrictions.
2.3.1
Minor
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – fit if full resolution
dislocations, e.g.
and no increased risk of recurrence.
fingers or toes
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
2.3.2
Dislocations or
See below for individual sections.
subluxations of
major
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – likely to be unfit.
joints including:
• hip
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
• knee
Functional cockpit / Sim assessment / check flight required to confirm full
• ankle
function
.
• foot
• wrist
• elbow
3.
FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT, SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
3.1
Back
pain or neck
Any history of back pain or neck pain, specialist report required. High risk of
pain
deterioration or loss of function under Service conditions.
Aircrew candidates with a single episode of low back pain, defined for these
purposes, as a pain lasting no longer than 6 weeks, within the last 5 years may
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be acceptable provided that the candidate has remained symptom free for at
least one year.
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – fit if single episode
with full recovery.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
Follow aircrew neck and back pain prevention / rehabilitation program.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
The aetiology of neck pain may vary between FW (high performance) and rotary, front and rear
aircrew. Persistent and/or distracting symptoms necessitate grounding. Head-borne mass, ergonomics,
aircrew behaviour patterns and high +Gz manoeuvres may have a role in the development of neck pain
and mitigation of the effect of these should be sought. As a preventative strategy, aircrew should be
encouraged to participate in the Aircrew Conditioning Programme which is designed to enhance
aircrew performance through reducing fatigue and strain injuries. It involves specialist instruction in
exercises to engender a culture of career-long neck and upper quadrant maintenance, to maintain a
neutral cervical spine position under load, and to reduce compensation strategies during loading. FW
(high performance) and rotary aircrew presenting with neck pain should be managed according to a
personalised rehabilitation programme. Asymptomatic radiologically identified cervical spondylosis is
compatible with unrestricted flying. However, limitation of cervical movement may affect lookout and a
cockpit check is recommended.
3.2
Sciatica—true
Specialist assessment (neuro or spinal) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
(nerve root
pressure)
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – may be fit if single
episode with full recovery for non pilot and non-Rotary Wing roles. Chronic or
recurrent will be unfit.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
Functional cockpit / Sim assessment / check flight required to confirm full
function.
3.3
Chronic back
Candidates with a history of recurrent low back pain or with a history of sciatica
pain syndrome
or any spinal surgery are considered unfit for aircrew.
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function. May
require permanent grounding or restriction from ejection seat and Rotary Wing
aircraft.
4.
CONDITIONS OF THE HEAD AND NECK
4.1
Mandibular or skull Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – consider on case by
fixators in situ
case basis.
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function. May
require permanent grounding or restriction from ejection seat and Rotary Wing
aircraft.
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4.2
Cervical disc
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
prolapse
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function.
Functional cockpit / Sim assessment / check flight required to confirm full
function.
May require permanent grounding or restriction from ejection seat and Rotary
Wing aircraft.
4.3
Cervical
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply –unfit.
spondylosis -
Osteoarthritis of
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function. May
cervical spine
require permanent grounding or restrictions in ejection seat and Rotary Wing
causing neck pain
aircraft and NVG operations.
5.
CONDITIONS OF THE SPINE
5.1
Spinal deformities
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – likely to be unfit.
Orthopaedic surgeon opinion with radiology to confirm diagnosis.
5.2
Scoliosis
5.3
Thoracic kyphosis
5.3.1
Postural kyphosis
5.3.2
Structural kyphosis
5.3.3
Congenital
kyphosis
5.3.4
Adolescent
kyphosis
(Scheuermann’s
disease)
5.4
Lumbar lordosis
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
5.5
Spondylolis-
Mild backache associated with spondylolysis and non-progressive
thesis
spondylolisthesis may benefit from an individually moulded lumbar support. If
symptoms persist aircrew should be grounded and assessed by a consultant
orthopaedic surgeon.
5.6
Retrolisthesis
Asymptomatic Grade 1 spondylolisthesis is compatible with flying ejection seat
5.7
Spondylosis
aircraft.
Aircrew with persistent neck pain and neurological features should be grounded
5.8
Prolapse
pending resolution of their symptoms. Aircrew with recurrent symptoms are
(herniation,
unfit ejection seat aircraft and may require protection from high Gz manoeuvres,
rupture or
wearing aircrew helmets and NVG flying depending on the frequency and
protrusion) of
intervertebral disc
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with or without
severity of their symptoms. Asymptomatic cervical spondylosis identified
nerve root
radiologically is compatible with unrestricted flying.
compression
5.9
Bulging of
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
intervertebral disc
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function.
5.10
Neural stenosis.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
Spinal or root canal narrowing due to
May require permanent grounding or restriction from ejection seat and Rotary
degenerative
Wing aircraft.
disease or any
Aircrew may require permanent limitations or restrictions for NVG use.
other cause
5.11
Spinal surgery—
If
single level spinal fusion is required, aircrew are to be grounded for 6 months,
any history
following which a return to unrestricted flying (including ejection seat aircraft) is
be possible following careful assessment.
The results of multi-level fusions or a second fusions are not as good and
ejection seat and RW clearance is not normally permitted.
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Manage on a case by case basis for lateral recruits.
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on symptoms and
function. Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full
function.
May require permanent grounding or restrictions in ejection seat and Rotary
Wing aircraft and NVG operations.
5.12
Harrington rods or
Aircrew applicant
similar fixation
General recruit entry standards apply – unfit
devices
6.
INJURIES AND CONDITIONS OF THE PELVIS
6.1
Congenital
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
dislocation
of the hip
6.2
Perthes’ disease
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
6.3
Slipped femoral or
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
capital epiphysis of
the hip
6.4
Traumatic
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
dislocation of the
hip
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
May require permanent grounding or restriction from ejection seat and Rotary
Wing aircraft.
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6.5
Surgery to the hip
Resurfacing of the hip joint or large-headed, non-cemented THR. Aircrew who
or pelvis
have had these procedures may be fit to return to full flying duties, including
ejection seat aircraft and Rotary Wing, no sooner than 6 months post surgery if
they have experienced no fractures or pain, have returned to full physical
activity and have completed a satisfactory cockpit check including emergency
egress.
Traditional THR with a cemented cup or stem is incompatible with flying ejection
seat aircraft due to the risk of dislocation from windblast on ejection and
fracture of the cement mantle on landing. Aircrew who have had a THR with a
ceramic head or ceramic cup are to be treated similarly to the traditional THR
group. Aircrew may be able to return to other aircraft types post traditional THR,
or ceramic cup/head THR, if they have passed a full cockpit check including
emergency egress drills and functional assessment.
Aircrew with revision of THR are unfit ejection seat aircraft. Those who have had
a revision of resurfacing to THR should be considered on a case by case basis.
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Serving aircrew: Managed on a case by case basis depending on function.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
May require permanent grounding or restriction from ejection seat and Rotary
Wing aircraft.
7.
INJURIES AND CONDITIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
7.1
Feet and ankles
7.1.1
Pes Cavus
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply
.
7.1.2
Pes Planus
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply
.
7.1.3
Claw foot and
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
Talipes
7.1.4
Hallux Rigidus
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
7.1.5
Hallux Valgus
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
7.1.6
Ingrown toe nails
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
7.1.7
Complete or partial Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
loss of toes other
than great toe
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
7.1.8
Complete or partial Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
loss of great toe
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Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
7.1.9
Hammer toes or
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
other deformities
of
the toes
7.1.10
Orthotics
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
7.1.11
Plantar Fasciitis
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
7.1.12
Heel spur
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – likely to be unfit.
syndrome or any
other calcaneal
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
bone or
May require permanent restrictions
.
soft tissue lesion
causing
pain
7.1.13
Achilles Tendonitis
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
7.1.14
Ruptured Achilles
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Tendon
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function
.
7.1.15
Neuroma
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – likely to be unfit.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
May require permanent restrictions
.
7.1.16
Ankle instability
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit if recurrent.
due
to sprains
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
May require permanent restrictions.
7.1.17
Reconstructive
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
surgery
to the ankle
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
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Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
May require permanent restrictions.
7.2
Knees
7.2.1
Anterior knee pain
Aircrew
applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
General causes of
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
anterior knee pain
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
May require permanent restrictions.
7.2.2
Osteochondritis
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply - unfit.
dissecans
7.2.3
Pulling
Requires specialist assessment and X-ray if symptoms within previous 12
osteochondritis
months.
(traction
apophysitis)
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
Osgood-Schlatter’s
Disease —
(Apophysitis of
the tibial
tuberosity), and
Sever’s Disease
(apophysitis of the
calcaneal
apophysis)
7.2.4
Crushing
Requires specialist assessment and X-ray.
osteochondritis
Such
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
as: Freiberg’s
disease of the
metatarsal
Köhler’s disease of
the navicular
Keinböck’s disease
of the carpal lunate
Panner’s disease of
the capitulum
7.2.5
Dislocation of the
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
patella
7.2.6
Meniscal surgery
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
May require permanent restrictions.
Aircrew should be grounded if the knee is unstable or
prone to locking pending
specialist investigation and
treatment
.
7.2.7
Anterior Cruciate
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
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Ligament (ACL)
tear — untreated
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
May require permanent restrictions.
7.2.8
Posterior Cruciate
Aircrew should be grounded if the knee is unstable or prone to locking pending
Ligament (PCL) tear specialist investigation and treatment.
— untreated
7.2.9
Reconstructive
Knee Replacement Surgery. Knee replacement is incompatible with flying
surgery to
ejection seat aircraft due to the risk of dislocation but aircrew may return to
other aircraft types, including helicopters, if they pass a full cockpit check
the knee (including
including emergency egress drills and functional assessment.
arthroscopic repair
of
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
ACL or PCL)
7.2.10
Combined injuries
of the knee
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
involving some or
all key structures
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
of the knee
May require permanent restrictions.
including cruciate
ligaments,
collateral
ligaments menisci
and cartilage
7.3
Lower Limb
Other joint replacement surgery. Fitness to fly after other joint replacements
Conditions General
may be considered if the results of surgery are excellent and subject to
assessment by a Service orthopaedic surgeon and OC AMU.
7.3.1
Shin pain other
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
than a proven
stress fracture.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
7.3.2
Compartment
syndrome
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
7.3.3
Stress fractures
May require permanent restrictions.
7.3.4
Leg length
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
inequality
8.
CONDITIONS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES
8.1
Wrist
8.1.1
Carpal Tunnel
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
Syndrome
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
May require permanent restrictions if recurrent.
8.2
Hands
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8.2.1
Dupuytren’s
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
contractures
8.2.2
Contractures
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional
associated with
assessment.
trauma
8.2.3
Complete or partial Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
loss of fingers
May require permanent restrictions if recurrent.
8.2.4
Deformities of
fingers
including Mallett
Finger, Swan-Neck
Deformity,
Boutonniere
deformity and
erosive
osteoarthritis
8.2.5
Scarring of the
fingers
8.2.6
Absent thumb
including absent
distal phalanx
8.3
Shoulder
8.3.1
Rotator Cuff
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
Syndrome
8.3.2
Impingement
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
syndrome/
supraspinatus
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
tendonitis
May require permanent restrictions if recurrent.
8.3.3
Rupture or tear of
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
the rotator cuff
8.3.4
Calcific tendonitis
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
8.3.5
Biceps tendonitis
8.3.6
Adhesive capsulitis
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
(frozen shoulder)
May require permanent restrictions if recurrent.
8.3.7
Shoulder instability Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply – unfit.
and dislocation
(includes recurrent
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional
subluxations &
recovery.
possible
dislocations)
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
Likely to require permanent grounding/restrictions if recurrent
.
8.7.7.1
Shoulder instability
without
reconstruction
8.3.7.2
Anterior
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
dislocation
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
or subluxation of
the
shoulder—single or
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recurrent
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
Likely to require permanent grounding/restrictions if recurrent.
8.3.7.3
Shoulder
dislocation
including
subluxation—
doubtful cases
8.3.7.4
Acromio-clavicular
joint dislocation
8.4
Elbow
8.4.1
Exercise-induced
Aircrew applicant: General recruit entry standards apply.
upper limb pain
(e.g. medial or
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding until full functional recovery.
lateral
epicondylitis)
within last 12
Functional cockpit/Sim assessment/check flight required to confirm full function.
months
Likely to require permanent grounding/restrictions if recurrent.
8.4.2
Olecranon bursitis
9.
Fractures
Aircrew should be grounded following fracture of any bone until the fracture
has united with restoration of a normal, pain-free, range of movement.
If there is significant deformity or loss of function, the aircrew member should
be assessed by an orthopaedic surgeon and have a cockpit assessment by an
AvMO before returning to flying duties.
Individual aircrew with retained lower limb internal fixation devices, may be
allowed to return to flying ejection seat aircraft, following assessment by an
approved Orthopaedic Specialist, and approval from OC AMU.
At present retained back internal fixation devices remain incompatible with
flying ejection seat aircraft
.
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Chapter 14: Neurological System
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important neurological disorders.
2.
This section is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
common and important neurological conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
3.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific problems: Neurological system
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
FUNCTIONAL
1.1
Motion sickness
See Annex T.
1.2
Seizure disorder
If the operator of any aircraft or aircraft system suffers a seizure; individual or
collective safety will be at risk.
1.2.1
Single Epileptic
An unprovoked, spontaneous, non-febrile epileptic seizure is associated with an
Seizure / Solitary
overall risk of recurrence of 50%, the risk being highest over the subsequent
Fit
eighteen months.
A provoked seizure is one that occurs at the time of trauma or other insult, such
as metabolic disturbance
Aircrew applicant: Those with a single seizure provoked or unprovoked less than
10 years prior to entry are to be considered unfit for all aircrew training.
Those who have had a single provoked seizure more than 10 years before entry,
and who have not been on treatment during this interval, maybe considered for
non pilot aircrew roles on a case by case basis provided there is no evidence of
persisting predisposition to epilepsy. In such cases, referral to the appropriate
specialist is essential.
Serving aircrew: Aircrew are unfit flying duties for 10 years, after a single
seizure. All aircrew must be referred OC AMU for medical boarding.
If there is no recurrence and no treatment, during that time, and specialist in
Neurology considers there is no persisting increased risk of seizures, the individual
may be upgraded; however, pilots will only be permitted to return to an A3 flying
category (‘unfit solo pilot – must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’ and
‘unfit rotary wing flying’).
Anti-epileptic drugs are incompatible with fitness for aircrew.
1.3
Epilepsy
Seizures of any kind in the aviation environment are an unacceptable safety risk.
Risk of seizures can increase under deployed conditions, and may be due to
missed or lost medication, poor drug absorption due to gastrointestinal illness,
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shift work, prolonged working hours, inadequate rest, dehydration, exposure to
noxious gases, stress in combat situation and sleep deprivation. Requires regular
specialist review and medication; may require evacuation.
Aircrew applicant: Candidates diagnosed as having epilepsy or who have had
one unprovoked seizure after the age of 5 are considered unfit for aircrew
training (other than as stated below).
Serving aircrew: The diagnosis of epilepsy is a bar to flying.
Aircrew are assessed to be permanently unfit flying duties. All aircrew must be
referred to the appropriate specialist and subsequently to OC AMU for medical
grading.
Anti-epileptic drugs are incompatible with fitness for aircrew.
1.3.2
History of benign
Benign rolandic epilepsy usually stops at puberty.
rolandic epilepsy
(benign epilepsy of Aircrew applicant: Candidates with a confirmed diagnosis of typical rolandic
childhood with
epilepsy of childhood, who have been seizure-free for 5 years (without
centrotemporal
treatment), may be fit for aircrew training.
spikes)
Additional information required:
Neurologist report, electroencephalogram
(EEG) with no epileptic features, normal 24 hour sleep deprived EEG, normal
cerebral imaging.
1.3.3
History of juvenile
These seizures have a median age of onset between ages 4 and 10 and normally
absence syndrome
remit before puberty with no cognitive sequelae.
(petit mal),
Aircrew applicant: Candidates who have had petit mal epilepsy as a child are
unfit aircrew training.
1.3.4
Febrile convulsions Uncomplicated of childhood. Usually benign.
Aircrew applicant: Aircrew applicants who have had a well documented febrile
convulsion before the age of 6 years can be considered on a case by case basis.
1.3.5
All other seizure
Any seizure or seizure treatment within the last five years is incompatible with
history
service.
Aircrew applicant: Candidates who have had more than one seizure after the
age of 5 are considered unfit for aircrew training.
1.4
Narcolepsy
Symptoms include:
a. Hypersomnia.
b. Cataplexy.
c. Sleep paralysis.
d. Hypnagogic phenomena.
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Aircrew applicant: Incompatible with performance of duties. Requires
medication (stimulant) which may be difficult to obtain on deployment and
which has unacceptable side effects.
Serving Aircrew: The diagnosis of narcolepsy is a bar to flying.
2.
INFECTIVE
2.1
Neurosyphilis
Associated with intellectual change, spasticity and loss of balance.
(active and/or
symptomatic)
Aircrew applicant: Unfit.
Serving Aircrew: The diagnosis of neurosyphilis is a bar to flying.
3.
HEADACHES
3.1
Headaches
Severity of headache and functional impact are better indicators of future
(including
incapacity in a military environment than clarity around diagnosis.
migraine,
cluster and
Frequency is also relevant although less predictive than severity.
tension)
Migraine is a common disorder and indicates that an individual has a
constitutional predisposition to recurrent attacks which are often unpredictable.
Migraine can cause a safety hazard in aircrew or Aircraft controllers and cases in
these branches/trades must be referred to the appropriate specialist. Because
migraine is often associated with neurological disturbance such as visual
scotoma, flashing lights, tunnel vision, paraesthesia and weakness, the condition
presents a flight safety hazard. In addition, these neurological disturbances are
usually unheralded and may precede the headache.
Specialist assessment often does not add to the accuracy of the diagnosis of
migraine, however, referral may be useful in cases where the symptoms could
be due to other neurological illnesses.
Single migraine like events are difficult to categorise but should be treated with
suspicion if they have a strong migrainous element.
Aircrew applicant: Candidates with a clear history of migraine and cluster
headaches are unfit for aircrew and Aircraft controller. When doubt exists,
advice should be sought from OC AMU.
Consideration can be given to candidates with mild forms of the disease or
absence of migraine within preceding two years who are applying for non
pilot/observer aircrew stations which present less of an immediate flight safety
risk.
Serving aircrew: A pilot who suffers even a single attack of migraine is to be
referred to the appropriate specialist for assessment, and is to be grounded until
cleared. Following assessment, a pilot will normally be unfit solo, but provided
the attacks are infrequent and mild, may be allowed to continue flying as or with
a co-pilot who is suitably qualified on aircraft type. If there is a definite
precipitant for the attacks of migraine, avoidance of which has prevented
recurrence for at least 2 years, the restriction on flying fitness may be removed
by OC AMU.
Other members of aircrew may be allowed to continue flying, with or without
specific restrictions, depending on role, but frequent severe attacks will cause
temporary or permanent unfitness for all aircrew duties. Aircrew and Aircraft
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controllers must be temporarily removed from all flying/controlling duties
pending assessment by the appropriate specialist.
In general where there is a duplication of personnel for the role or to perform
vital tasks it makes continuation of flying more acceptable.
3.2
Mild Headaches
If all the following apply:
a. Does not require more than simple analgesia (paracetamol or NSAIDs with
OTC codeine doses).
b. No significant functional impairment.
c. No relevant underlying condition.
Aircrew applicant: More than 3 headaches per year averaged over the last 3
years.
Requires assessment, which must address diagnosis, severity, functional impact
and prognosis. May be considered fit subject to GP reports/specialist assessment
as required approval of confirming authority.
Serving aircrew: Requires assessment, which must address diagnosis, severity,
functional impact and prognosis. Consider stress, social and welfare factors. May
require temporary grounding for assessment.
4.
TRAUMA
4.1
Head Injury /
A severe head injury often causes permanent damage to the brain, and is
Traumatic Brain
associated with an increased risk of cognitive, psychiatric and neurological
Injury (TBI)
disorders. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of epilepsy accounting for
20% of symptomatic epilepsy. The development of seizures in the military
population has significant implications both clinically and for advising the
executive on occupational factors and consequences of sudden incapacitation.
Mild and moderate TBI also have potential to produce a reduction in
performance; this is especially relevant to the aircrew population.
See Appendix 1 to Annex N for guidance on the full assessment of Head Injury
and TBI for aviators.
4.1.1
Minor head injury
Any neuro-psychological / mTBI symptoms.
No loss of consciousness (LOC).
No PTA.
No neurological deficit.
No skull fracture.
See Appendix 1 to Annex N.
4.1.2
Mild head injury
LOC < 30 minutes.
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PTA < 30 minutes.
No neurological deficit.
No skull fracture.
See Appendix 1 to Annex N.
4.1.3
Moderate head
LOC 30 mins to <24 hours.
injury
PTA 30 mins to <24 hours.
No neurological deficit.
Skull fracture.
See Appendix 1 to Annex N.
4.1.4
Major / Severe
LOC > 24 hours.
head injury
PTA > 24 hours.
Focal neurological deficits (non-permanent).
Brain contusion.
Intracranial haemorrhage.
Depressed Skull fracture.
See Appendix 1 to Annex N.
4.2
Disturbance of
See Appendix 1 to Annex N.
consciousness
e.g. ‘concussion’ /
mTBI
4.3
Boxing
Taking part in boxing has potential flight safety implications for aircrew due to
the potential impact on information processing and target acquisition.
Aircrew that have participated in a boxing bout are unfit flying for 48 hours after
the completion of the bout – whether there is loss of consciousness, any other
symptoms or not.
Before returning to flying duties they must also be seen by a Military Aviation
Medical Officer who is to assess for history of head injury and undertake basic
ophthalmic, neurological and ORL examination and testing to determine fitness
for return to flying.
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If there is any suspicion that the individual has suffered from a head injury then
the AvMO is to follow the HI policy as detailed above.
Should aircrew taking part in boxing suffer any definable head injury or
neuropsychological symptoms, their return to flying must be based on the
criteria above.
5.
DEMYELINATION
5.1
Progressive
An episode of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is usually a monophasic
neurological
illness, and provided the individual recovers sufficiently, the prognosis is good.
disorder
However in the acute stage it can be difficult to distinguish from a progressive
demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis which is likely to relapse and/or
progress to more severe disability.
Affects coordination, balance and the senses, especially vision.
Aircrew Applicant: A past history of optic neuritis or other neurological
syndrome associated with a high risk of development of multiple sclerosis is to
be referred to the specialist in Neurology and OC AMU. An applicant with a
diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is to be assessed unfit for aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: All cases of presumed or definite demyelination/multiple
sclerosis are to be referred to the appropriate specialist and OC AMU for advice
on treatment and a medical grading recommendation. All aircrew are to be
grounded until investigations complete and an assessment of prognosis and
likely progression is made. In certain circumstances aircrew may return to flying
duties with restrictions. Pilots are permanently unfit solo flying.
5.2
Poly-Neuropathy
Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre Syndrome) is
a potentially life threatening disease, and suspected cases must be referred
urgently to the nearest neurology centre for treatment. Sub-acute/chronic
polyneuropathy can be physically disabling and often requires sophisticated
neurological assessment and long term treatment. Cases should be referred to
the appropriate specialist.
Aircrew applicant: The presence of a polyneuropathy with functional deficit
renders the person permanently unfit for aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: To be assessed on a case by case basis taking functional deficit
into account. Restrictions likely to apply with unfit solo flying for pilots.
6.
SURGERY
6.1
Ventriculoperi-
Increased risk of illness, injury or medical complications.
toneal shunt
Spontaneous or post-traumatic blockage of the shunt and de novo or post-
traumatic infection requires emergency specialist access.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: To be assessed on a case by case basis subject to primary
diagnosis and specialist advice. Likely to remain permanently unfit solo and unfit
ejection seat aircraft.
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6.1.1
Hydrocephalus
Candidates for Service with a history of hydrocephalus with or without a
drainage valve in situ are to be assessed unfit for aircrew training. Any other
history of hydrocephalus will require assessment by specialist in neurology with
aviation experience and OC AMU.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
6.2
Craniotomy
Increased risk of post-surgical seizure.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: Not normally returned to flying. To be assessed on a case by
case basis (after 5 years) taking functional deficit into account.
6.3
Other
Depends on procedure.
neurosurgical
procedures
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: Based on neurosurgical assessment as to the risk of further
complications/residual underlying pathology.
7.
OTHER/GENERAL
7.1
Abnormality of
Affects senses, muscle function, sensation, balance and coordination.
cranial or other
nerves
Aircrew Candidate: Acceptable only if there is no functional disability, with little
residual disturbance If residual functional disability will be unfit.
Serving Aircrew: In the acute phase, aircrew are to be assessed temporarily unfit
for flying duties pending recovery.
7.1.1
Facial Palsy
Bell’s palsy - May affect a person’s ability to effectively communicate or safely
use aircrew life support equipment.
Aircrew Candidate: Past history may be fit for aircrew training on a case by case
basis and subject to specialist reports.
Serving Aircrew: In the acute phase, aircrew are to be assessed temporarily unfit
for flying duties pending recovery.
Mild residual palsy maybe acceptable on the advice of an ORL consultant and
subject to being able to safely utilize all aircrew life support equipment and
communicate clearly. Pilots will be unfit solo for minimum of 6 months following
recovery.
7.2
Abnormality of
See Appendix 1 to Annex N.
cranial
vasculature,
Aircrew applicant: Permanently unfit aircrew training.
including stroke,
intracranial
aneurysm, and
Serving Aircrew: Not normally returned to flying.
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arteriovenous
malformation
7.2.1
CVA / TIA
The occurrence of a cerebrovascular accident is frequently symptomatic of
associated disorders (for example, hypertension, cardiac disease,
arteriosclerosis, intracranial structural vascular disease) and causes significant
morbidity. It is also often associated with a high risk of recurrence and a poor
prognosis.
Aircrew Applicant: Permanently unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: Except in specific circumstances where the individual risk of
recurrence is low, TIAs and thrombo-embolic strokes require aircrew to be
permanently grounded.
In all cases referral to a consultant physician or the appropriate specialist is
required for investigation/treatment and medical grading recommendation.
7.2.2
Intracranial
Spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage is usually due to hypertension,
Haemorrhage
arteriosclerosis, a structural vascular abnormality (i.e. an aneurysm or
arteriovenous malformation), or a coagulation defect. In the acute stage it may
be life threatening, and if the underlying cause is not treated successfully the risk
of recurrence is often high.
Aircrew Applicant: Permanently unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: Fitness to return to flying duties depends on cause, recovery
and removal of risk of recurrence or development of complications. All cases
should be referred to the appropriate specialist prior to the award of an
appropriate medical grade.
7.3
Syncope—
A full history should be taken including note of any prodromal symptoms, length
frequent
of unconsciousness, degree of amnesia and any confusion on recovery.
Candidates with symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular or neurological
aetiology must be fully investigated. The results of any cardiological or
neurological investigations must be normal before acceptance can be
considered.
Causes may be difficult to distinguish from epilepsy, especially if there has been
a secondary hypoxic convulsion. Examples of factors that may indicate epilepsy
as a likely diagnosis are: amnesia for >5 minutes, associated injury, tongue
biting, having remained conscious but with confused behaviour and a post attack
headache.
Infrequent recurrent episodes may have triggers, such as venepuncture.
Consequences of loss of consciousness in the aviation environment can be
serious, even life threatening.
Aircrew applicant: Candidates with a single syncopal episode, with a definitive
provoking factor, i.e. a simple faint maybe fit for aircrew training.
Those who have had recurrent faints are unfit aircrew training.
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Candidates with no definitive provoking factors, who have a normal cardiac and
neurological examination with a normal ECG, may be fit for aircrew training
provided that 2 years have lapsed since the episode and the risk of recurrence is
considered low.
Serving aircrew: A single definite syncopal episode, even when complicated by a
secondary hypoxic convulsion, is compatible with an early return to unrestricted
duties (A1). A careful assessment is to be carried out and fitness to return to
flying made in consultation with OC AMU. Temporary grounding is required until
investigations completed.
Infrequent recurrent episodes with definite triggers unrelated to the flying task
and well-recognised build up of warning symptoms is also compatible with an
early return to unrestricted duties (A1). Temporary grounding is required until
investigations completed.
Individuals in whom there is any doubt, are ‘unfit for service outside base areas’,
‘unfit handling live arms’ and ‘unfit flying/controlling’ for usually up to twelve
months. If there has been no recurrence after that time, and with OC AMU
recommendation, the individual may be upgraded (A1).
If unexplained - Additional information required:
Neurology and/or cardiology opinion to exclude pathology. Temporary
grounding is required until investigations completed.
7.4
Chronic pain and
Chronic pain can develop after injury to any level of the nervous system,
pain syndromes
peripheral or central. A variety of specific syndromes have been identified. Their
are divided into
pathogenesis is obscure and their incidence and prevalence are unknown.
two broad groups:
somatogenic and
Collectively these conditions present a very poor risk for rigorous military
psychogenic
training. Treatment is invariably multi-disciplinary, intensive, costly and with an
unpredictable outcome.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: To be assessed on a case by case basis taking functional deficit
into account. Restrictions likely to apply with unfit solo flying for pilots.
7.4.1
Somatogenic
Is broken into the broad divisions of neuropathic pain and reflex sympathetic
pain—
dystrophy.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: To be assessed on a case by case basis taking functional deficit
into account. Restrictions likely to apply with unfit solo flying for pilots.
7.4.1.1
Neuropathic pain.
Neuropathic pain may involve predominantly peripheral processes
(peripheral syndromes include neuroma formation and nerve compression—for
example radiculopathy from discogenic disease).
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
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Serving Aircrew: To be assessed on a case by case basis taking functional deficit
into account. Restrictions likely to apply with unfit solo flying for pilots.
7.4.1.2
Reflex sympathetic (Includes Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and Causalgia).
dystrophy
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: To be assessed on a case by case basis taking functional deficit
into account. Restrictions likely to apply with unfit solo flying for pilots.
7.4.1.2.1 Complex regional
A chronic state induced by soft tissue, bone or nerve injury in which pain is
pain syndrome
associated with autonomic changes e.g. sweating or vasomotor abnormalities,
and or trophic changes (eg skin or bone atrophy, hair loss, joint contractures).
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: To be assessed on a case by case basis taking functional deficit
into account. Restrictions likely to apply with unfit solo flying for pilots.
7.4.2
Psychogenic pain.
Chronic pain with insufficient or no organic explanation is a common problem.
Typical syndromes include, chronic headache, continued low back pain, atypical
facial pain, and abdominal or pelvic pain of unknown cause.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: To be assessed on a case by case basis taking functional deficit
into account. Restrictions likely to apply with unfit solo flying for pilots.
7.5
Peripheral
May result from any damage affecting the nervous system distal to the CNS. It
neuropathy
affects movement or sensation Affects movement, strength, dexterity and
from any
sensation. Unlikely to be compatible with military duties unless the cause has
neurological
been identified and successfully treated with no residual neuropathy or other
symptoms, and the treatment is not ongoing. If the cause is treated, and the
injury or disorder
condition has resolved (for example poor diet now corrected), then could be
considered for entry with appropriate specialist reports.
Aircrew applicant: A candidate with a current and unresolved peripheral
neuropathy is unfit aircrew training.
Past history, with full resolution, may be fit for aircrew training on a case by case
basis and subject to specialist reports.
Serving Aircrew: To be assessed on a case by case basis taking functional deficit
into account. Restrictions likely to apply with unfit solo flying for pilots.
7.6
Cranial neuralgia
Includes trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Often resistant to treatment. Following surgery or other treatment
Aircrew applicant: Must be drug-free and symptomatic for at least 36 months. If
criteria above not met, they will be permanently unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: To be assessed on a case by case basis taking functional deficit
into account. Restrictions likely to apply with unfit solo flying for pilots.
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7.7
Cerebral tumours
The effect a tumour may have on a person’s fitness will depend on many factors
such as whether it is malignant or benign, intracranial (supratentorial or
infratentorial) or spinal. Advice on individual cases is to be sought from the
appropriate specialist or a consultant oncologist.
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: Not normally returned to flying. To be assessed on a case by
case basis (after 5 years) taking functional deficit into account.
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Appendix 3 to Annex Q
Chapter 15: Respiratory System
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important respiratory disorders. It is not
exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of common and important
respiratory conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be directed to OC
AMU.
Specific problems: Respiratory system
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
CONGENITAL
1.1
Cystic Fibrosis
Requires intensive and daily chest physiotherapy.
Decreased exercise tolerance. Regular specialist review.
Increased risk of respiratory infections in military environment.
Unfit aircrew selection.
2.
FUNCTIONAL
2.1
Pneumothorax
2.1.1
Spontaneous
Over 90% of patients presenting with spontaneous pneumothorax are under 40
Pneumothorax
years of age and 75% are under 25.
Tension pneumothorax develops in 5%. Recurrence rates without definitive
treatment are 30% after a first occurrence, 50% following a second and 80%
after a third.
Clinical concerns:
Acute pneumothorax may cause acute chest pain and shortness of breath.
Symptoms are aggravated in flight, worsening as ambient pressure falls. Tension
pneumothorax is potentially life threatening.
Limitations:
A history of pneumothorax, whether treated or not, is a bar to selection for
flying duties.
All serving aircrew who have had a single spontaneous pneumothorax require
specific assessment regarding definitive treatment and should be referred to a
specialist for full assessment before returning to flying duties. Because of the risk
of recurrence following pleurodesis the treatment of choice is pleurectomy.
Aircrew should be fit to return to flying duties with a G3 medical marker 3
months after successful pleurectomy, if required.
Alternative management may be to ground the patient for a minimum of 12
months to allow the incidence of recurrence to reduce to an acceptable
level and to exclude exacerbating factors such as pleural blebs with a CT scan.
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2.1.2
Traumatic
Trauma to the chest wall can cause a leak into the pleural space which may be
Pneumothorax
due to penetration of the chest wall, fractured rib(s) or blunt trauma to the lung
tissue. The risk of recurrence after initial treatment is minimal in the absence of
underlying lung pathology. Aircrew should be fit to return to flying duties 3
months after treatment and on complete recovery from the incident.
2.2
Deformities of the Chest
2.2.1
Pectus Excavatum
Specialist opinion unless minor. Investigate lung function with chest X-ray and
or Carinatum
respiratory function tests. Significant deformity will require echocardiography
and exercise ECG.
Exclude Marfan’s syndrome or other conditions as indicated.
2.2.2
Bullae
Unfit aircrew recruitment.
Serving aircrew: Require respiratory physician assessment. If the risk of
spontaneous pneumothorax is high, manage as spontaneous pneumothorax
Serving aircrew with bullae associated with underlying COAD or emphysema are
unfit flying duties. Surgical resection of a single bulla in a younger aircrew
member should be considered before flying category is reinstated.
2.2.3
Pleural Effusion
Pleural effusions associated with pathology incompatible with military service.
Respiratory physician assessment and referral to OC AMU.
3
INFECTIVE
3.1
Tuberculosis (TB)
TB is a debilitating respiratory infection which is difficult to eradicate and poses a
public health hazard. Apical cavities may be seen on chest radiographs.
3.1.1
Active or Latent TB
Any history of primary or treated TB normally unfit aircrew selection.
Aircrew with pulmonary TB are to be referred in for respiratory physician
assessment.
They will be restricted to NZ for a period of 12-18 months. Whilst taking anti-
tuberculous therapy they will be grounded but following treatment, if chest
radiography and clinical examination are satisfactory, they may be graded A3,
‘unfit solo pilot - must fly with pilot suitably qualified on type’. Twelve months
after completing chemotherapy, provided there is no evidence of recurrence,
they are to be medically boarded by OC AMU or other designated authority
where they will normally be awarded an aircrew medical category of A1/2 G2/3
Z1.
3.2
Bronchiectasis
Patients with bronchiectasis are at increased risk of developing chest infections
and should be given a medical category not above Z3, ‘unfit for service outside
base areas’.
3.3
Bronchitis,
Frequent childhood bronchitis suggests bronchial lability and a pre-disposition to
Pneumonia and
asthma. Careful assessment will be required.
Pleurisy
Isolated attacks of pneumonia with full recovery are of no long term
consequence. However, if the chest X-ray is abnormal, specialist referral is
indicated. A history of pleurisy with an effusion is suggestive of TB. If less than 2
years prior to entry, this will entail temporary rejection. If more than 2 years
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prior to entry, the individual may be acceptable for air and ground duties subject
to specialist assessment and normal chest radiography.
4
INFLAMMATORY
4.1
Asthma
Asthma is a disease characterised by wide variations, in short periods of time, in
the resistance to airflow within the intra-pulmonary airways. In general,
individuals who have symptoms of asthma up to the age of 18 have a 30-50%
chance of recurrence in adult life. Individuals who have symptoms past the age
of 18 will be considered asthmatic "for life”. These statistics have led the RAF to
continue to reject all aircrew candidates who have a history of childhood
asthma. Because of the high incidence of asthma in the New Zealand
population, and the small number of candidates who possess the required
aircrew aptitudes, the RNZAF has taken a slightly more relaxed stance on the
recruiting of aircrew with a history of asthma.
The problems associated with asthma in military aviation are as follows:
a. Aircrew may be tempted to fly whilst unfit due to bronchospasm, which
increases susceptibility to hypoxia.
b. Mild dyspnoea may be distracting.
c. A sudden onset severe attack may jeopardise flight safety.
d. Squadron operations may be severely disrupted because of an aircrew
member’s recurrent illness denying the squadron of a critical asset.
e. In-flight irritants may exacerbate bronchospasm (dust, smoke, and fumes in
the cockpit).
f. Increase the individual’s risk in the survival/ escape and evasion situation
(especially if prophylactic medications are lost or destroyed).
g. Could increase the risk to individual during hypobaric training, especially
during rapid decompression.
h. Positive pressure breathing, breathing cold or dry air, and +Gz exposure can
stimulate bronchospasm in individuals with hyper reactive airways.
4.1.1
Asthma:
Aircrew applicants who have symptoms of asthma in the preceding 5 years or
Aircrew Applicants
after the age of 18 should be rejected.
Applicants who have a history of severe asthma or “brittle” asthma
demonstrated by either frequent attacks, several hospital admissions or, regular
oral steroids or oral/IV steroids during an attack should be rejected.
Applicants who require prophylactic medication (ICS/LABA or Leukotriene
antagonists) to remain asymptomatic should be rejected.
Referral to a respiratory physician for evaluation and investigation is essential
in all aircrew applicants with a history of asthma. The respiratory physician’s
assessment is to include a bronchial provocation test (BPT; e.g. hypertonic
saline challenge test).
To be accepted, aircrew applicants should:
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a. be free of asthma for at least 5 years;
b. have no symptoms past age 18;
c. have a negative bronchial challenge test and not require any prophylactic or
relieving medications; and
d. have no associated food allergy.
4.1.2
Management
Serving aircrew who develop asthma should be assessed by a respiratory
of Asthma in
physician and this should include a BPT.
serving Aircrew
Aircrew (including pilots) may continue to fly while taking prophylactic ICS
conditional on the following:
a. Aircrew require three monthly follow up by an Av MO to assess and monitor
their response to medication.
b. In addition, aircrew are to monitor their daily peak flows (PF) to establish
their own PF norms and to determine and familiarise themselves with the
pattern of their disease.
c. Minimum PF limits are to be set by the Av MO, below which aircrew are to
commence bronchodilator medication, remove themselves from flying and
seek medical advice.
d. At 3 monthly assessment the Av MO is to:
i.
take a careful history to identify any symptoms of asthma;
ii.
review the aircrew members PF diary;
iii.
perform a physical examination of the respiratory system;
iv.
review spirometry; and
v.
develop/update an asthma plan specific for the aircrew
member using the Asthma Society guidelines.
Serving aircrew who require a course of bronchodilator medication for acute
attack are to be made unfit flying for at least 24 hours after the medication has
ceased.
Aircrew (specified roles) who suffer from exercise induced asthma and who take
bronchodilator medication prophylactically before exercise need wait only 8
hours before flying.
Aircrew who suffer from asthma are to carry inhaled bronchodilator medication
when flying for use in an emergency. This is to be specifically identified on their
aircrew medical category.
Treatment with oral methylxanthines, Long Acting Beta agonists and Leukotriene
receptor antagonists, is incompatible with flying duties.
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4.1.3
Boarding
Serving aircrew who develop asthma should be downgraded to A3, G3, Z1 R3,
of Aircrew Who
TRUMS, with the following limitations:
Develop Asthma
a. Unfit high performance aircraft;
b. Unfit solo pilot - Must fly as co-pilot or with co-pilot qualified on type
(waiver can be given for aircrew during FIC and posting to PTS);
c. Must use Inhaled corticosteroids prophylactically;
d. To carry medication;
e. Must monitor peak flows and commence bronchodilator therapy and cease
flying if PF falls below …. (from Asthma Plan); and
f. Z2 climatic limitation may be required if the asthma is triggered by exposure
to cold air.
4.1.4
Training
Respiratory irritants. In addition to the limitations above, the following
Limitations
limitations apply to training:
a.
Respiratory Irritants. Care must be exercised in assessing fitness of
individuals for exposure to respiratory irritants in training for example
CS gas and training smokes. There is no absolute contraindication;
however, personnel with an adverse previous exposure history or poor
asthma control should not be exposed.
b.
Rapid decompression. Asthmatics may be deemed fit provided their
chest x-ray is normal, there is no measurable hyper-responsiveness, and
there is no excessive diurnal variability.
c.
Strenuous Physical Exertion. Individuals with asthma may be unfit
strenuous physical exertion.
d.
HUET short term compressed air supply (STASS) – Dry training only. No
Wet training.
Note: hypobaric hypoxia training is acceptable provided the aircrew member is
asymptomatic at the time of the training.
4.1.5
Exercise Induced
Non Pilot aircrew (FLTSTWD, AWS and AO branches only).
Asthma
Applicants with a history of exercise induced asthma and normal FEV1 at rest
and normal BPT, for the above specific non pilot aircrew roles, who use
prophylactic bronchodilator for well defined, mild exercise induced asthma, and
who have a good exercise tolerance, even without medication may be accepted
in certain circumstances (following careful assessment and approval from OC
AMU).
4.2
Chronic
Aircrew applicants: A diagnosis of COAD (either chronic bronchitis or
Obstructive
emphysema) is a bar to selection.
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Airways Disease
Serving Aircrew: As COAD and emphysema are variable in severity, each case
(COAD)
must be assessed individually. Sudden incapacitation is unlikely in mild cases.
However as the disease progresses, operational efficiency may be markedly
reduced.
Mild cases with radiological (CT) evidence of the absence of bullae may be
allowed unrestricted flying.
Aircrew with bullae are unfit flying.
Aircrew with impaired lung function should be made “unfit solo pilot - Must fly
as co-pilot or with co-pilot qualified on type”.
More severe cases should be downgraded to A4, “unfit flying as aircrew,
permanent”.
5.
OTHER
5.1
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a systemic, multi-organ granulomatous disease. The most
common presentation is asymptomatic bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on
routine CXR. Eight percent of cases with such nodes disappear within two years
and can be labelled as having had acute/subacute sarcoidosis. If the disease is
present for longer it is termed chronic.
The main concern in aviation is that 13 - 20% of patients dying from sarcoidosis
have cardiac involvement and arrhythmias, and a high proportion of these
patients died from sudden onset, unheralded arrhythmias.
Pulmonary involvement causes restrictive airways disease. It may be associated
with uveitis and nervous system involvement.
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of sarcoidosis should be
rejected.
Serving Aircrew: The following should be grounded:
a. suspected sarcoidosis;
b. those with acute symptomatic disease;
c. those with chronic disease especially if they have uveitis, bone or skin
sarcoidosis;
d. those with persistent widespread pulmonary shadowing or with abnormal
gas transfer;
e. those with evidence of cardiac sarcoid.
Following confirmation of the diagnosis aircrew are to be downgraded A4 whilst
treatment continues.
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When off treatment, provided that there is no evidence of continuing disease
activity and no cardiac involvement, patients are to be referred to OC AMU for
award of an appropriate medical category.
At that stage a pilot would be ‘unfit solo - must fly with pilot suitably qualified on
type’. A normal flying category will depend on a further year of satisfactory
observation. Cardiac involvement requires permanent grounding.
Aircrew with asymptomatic bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, require a full non-
invasive cardiovascular work-up by a cardiologist to exclude cardiac
involvement.
The following limitations may be considered whilst lymphadenopathy only is
present:
a. Unfit solo pilot - must fly as co-pilot or with co-pilot qualified on type; and
b. Unfit high performance aircraft.
Non pilot aircrew will be assessed on a case by case basis using the information
above as guidance.
5.2
Lung Cancer
Aircrew Applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of cancer of the lung are to
be rejected.
Serving Aircrew: Each case should be assessed on its own merits. As sudden
incapacitation due to intra-cerebral metastasis is a possibility it is vital
that cerebral metastases are excluded utilising an MRI scan. In the past a
blanket period of five years of grounding was compulsory to reduce the risk of
sudden/subtle incapacitation. However, in some low risk cases it may be
possible with regular MRI follow up for aircrew to be returned to flying:
a. as or with co-pilot trained on type; and
b. metropolitan areas only.
5.3
Smoking Cessation
Smoking remains the largest single preventable cause of death and disability in
the NZ.
5.3.1
Use of Bupropion
Bupropion (Zyban). The drug Bupropion is of proven effectiveness but has
significant side effects, which include grand mal seizures, impaired
concentration, anxiety, depression and agitation. It is not recommended as a
first line treatment in the NZDF due to its occupational implications and its
adverse effects profile.
Due to the psycho-active nature of Bupropion and its side-effects, the use of the
drug precludes any flying duties.
In view of the significant occupational implications when taking Bupropion,
Service personnel using the drug are unfit to deploy operationally and are to be
awarded a temporary medical category A4 G4 Z4, ‘unfit for service outside base
areas’ and ‘unfit handling live arms’.
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Aircrew are to be advised to consider deferring treatment with Bupropion until
they are on a non-flying tour.
Although there is no standard requirement to amend the Z category, it should be
noted that malaria prophylaxis is not to be taken with Bupropion.
Where aircrew have received a course of treatment with Bupropion they may be
upgraded and returned to flying duties no earlier than 2 weeks after ceasing the
treatment. Return to flying is subject to a satisfactory medical examination
conducted by an Av MO.
If neurological or neuropsychiatric side-effects have been experienced whilst
taking Bupropion, return to flying is dependent on the results of a medical
assessment undertaken by an Av MO and following discussion with OC AMU.
Return to flying after suffering a grand mal seizure, as a result of taking
Bupropion, is at the discretion of the OC AMU who is to seek the opinion of a
Consultant in Neurology.
5.3.2
Use of Varenicline
Varenicline’s side-effects include suicidal ideation and behaviours. Varenicline is
(Champix)
not to be prescribed to aircrew at any juncture, whether currently engaged in
flying/aircraft controlling duties or not.
In the event that this medication has been incorrectly prescribed it must be
immediately tapered and withdrawn. A further 3 month period of grounding /
non-controlling duties is required once the medication has been stopped and all
aircrew should be reviewed by an Av MO and following discussion with OC AMU
before resuming normal duties.
5.3.3
Use of
Due to the requirement for increasing daily divided doses over the course of
Nortriptyline (and
treatment with a psychoactive substance with known side effects, especially
other
sedation, aircrew are to be grounded whilst receiving nortriptyline for smoking
antidepressant
cessation.
medication) for
smoking cessation
5.4
Screening Chest
A CXR is not a mandatory component of the medical assessment of recruits. It
Radiography (CXR)
remains an important investigation for the screening of groups selected on
clinical and other grounds. Indications may include:
a. Persons with a history and clinical profile suggestive of cardio-respiratory
disease or abnormality.
b. Those with a first or second generation family history of pulmonary
tuberculosis.
c. First generation immigrants, especially if recruited from large high risk inner
city areas.
Potential aircrew CXR is only required if clinically indicated, such as for past
history of respiratory disease.
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5.5
Conditions not
Address with OC AMU. Additional information required
listed in this annex
Full clinical history, specialist reports, respiratory function tests and
investigations must be provided for consideration.
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Chapter 16: Speech, Oral and Dental Systems
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with important speech, oral or dental disorders.
This sections is not exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of
speech, oral or dental disorders relating to aviation in the NZDF.
3.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be
directed to OC AMU.
Specific problems: Speech, Oral and Dental systems
SERIAL
CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
CONGENITAL/DEVELOPMENTAL
1.1
Deformities of the
If interferes with breathing or prevents effective use of face masks or breathing
mouth, jaw, throat
apparatus.
or nose
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Unfit flying duties.
If no interference with breathing or use of face mask.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
1.2
Severe craniofacial
If interferes with breathing or prevents effective use of face masks or breathing
anomaly
apparatus.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Unfit flying duties.
If no interference with breathing or use of face mask.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Unfit flying duties.
1.3
Speech defect
Will require speech pathology assessment.
which precludes
effective
communication
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Inability to effectively communicate including the inability to pass on orders or
messages under military conditions.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
Serving aircrew: Unfit flying duties.
2.
FUNCTIONAL
2.1
Dental
Applicants are required to provide reports from an oral surgeon, orthodontist or
abnormalities such
their own dentist addressing the extent of treatment required and any potential
as: Gross
long-term problems.
malocclusion,
Requires military dental officer assessment.
hypermobility of
teeth or jaws
unsuitable for
Aircrew applicants: Unfit until resolved.
fitting of
satisfactory
Serving aircrew: Unfit flying duties until resolved.
prostheses.
TMJ dysfunction –
assess on case by
case basis
2.2
TMJ dysfunction
Will be significant if symptomatic or a potential source of distraction.
Aircrew applicants: Unfit until resolved.
Serving aircrew: Assess on case by case basis.
3.
INFECTIVE/INFLAMMATORY
3.1
Acute
To be treated and checked for any serious underlying medical condition before
inflammatory
reassessment.
conditions of the
oral cavity
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
3.2
Dental caries -
Likely to result in pain or injury while deployed. Increased risk of becoming a
extensive
liability on deployment.
Decision:
Requires assessment for risk of long-term problems after treatment through
extensive restorations or caries, or unacceptable oral hygiene.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis. Likely to be unfit until resolved.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
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Treatment
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
completed and no
risk of long-term
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
problems
If risk of long-term
May be unacceptable. Applicants are required to provide reports from oral
problems through
surgeon, orthodontist or their own dentist.
extensive
restorations or
Assessment by a military dental officer is required.
caries, or
unacceptable oral
hygiene
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
4.
ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES
4.1
Need for extensive
Decision:
or complex
orthodontic or
Applicants are required to provide reports from oral surgeon, orthodontist or
orthognathic
their own dentist. The report is to address whether there is a need for extensive
treatment
or complex orthodontic and/or orthognathic treatment and make a
recommendation on dental fitness to serve in the NZDF. The Defence Force
Recruiting Medical Officer may seek the advice of a Senior NZDF Dentist if
specialist dental treatment is required.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
4.2
Active orthodontic
Decision:
appliances (bands/
braces)
An applicant wearing orthodontic appliances requires a report from applicant’s
treating specialist outlining the reasons for treatment and current treatment
plan.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis. Likely to be unfit until
treatment is completed.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Likely to require restriction on role and deployability.
4.3
Passive (plates)
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
4.4
Dentures, caps,
Acceptable if jaw is fully functional and asymptomatic.
crowns, bridges
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
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Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
4.5
Reserved
4.6
Wisdom teeth:
May result in pain, infection, ongoing care. Assessment by a military dental
Impacted
officer required.
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis. Likely unfit until resolved.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
Likely to require role and deployment restrictions.
If painful or
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
infected requires
treatment by a
Serving aircrew: Unfit flying duties.
dentist.
If treatment
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
completed and no
infection or
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
inflammation.
4.7
Orthodontic
retainers
Orthodontic
Aircrew applicants: Assess on case by case basis.
treatment
complete
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
If obvious
Aircrew applicants: Unfit.
dentofacial
anomaly
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew are to be assessed on a case by case basis.
5.
Annual Aircrew Medical Examination:
The annual aircrew medical examination is designed to establish medical and dental fitness to fly at the
time of the examination. The examining Medical Officer will establish the current dental category of
aircrew personnel at their annual medical examination from the Medical Summary or as provided by
the member.
The patient may subsequently be referred by the Medical Officer to the Dental Centre for further
investigation/treatment if the dental Cat at the time of annual medical indicates:
a. The recall date for periodic dental inspection (PDI) having expired.
b. Outstanding treatment which may affect fitness to fly.
Dental Fitness to Fly:
If at any stage aircrew are judged to be unfit to fly as a result of specific dental pathology or a failure by
the individual to maintain a current dental Cat, the MO is to be consulted and the situation is to be
discussed with the executive. If necessary, medical downgrading procedures are to be initiated. As soon
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as dental fitness to fly is re-established medical staff are to be informed and appropriate administrative
action taken.
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Chapter 17: Visual System
1.
This section gives details on the assessment and management of aircrew recruits and
serving aircrew personnel with common and important visual disorders. It is not
exhaustive, but details policy on the assessment and treatment of common and important
eye conditions relating to aviation in the NZDF.
Requests for specific advice concerning the employment of aircrew should be directed to OC
AMU.
Specific problems: Visual system
SERIAL CONDITION
CONSIDERATION AND DISPOSAL
1.
LIDS/CONJUNCTIVA/SCLERA
1.1
Abnormalities of the lids Most conditions should be correctable and benign.
interfering with
normal function
Aircrew applicant: May be fit for entry when fully recovered.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
1.2
Complete or extensive
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
lid deformity
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding and return to flying status
will depend on severity; assess on case by case basis.
1.3
Blepharitis
Aircrew applicant: May be fit for entry when fully recovered. Unfit if more
than mild degree and more than three acute episodes per year.
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
1.4
Dacrocystitis
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding and return to flying status
will depend on severity; assess on case by case basis.
1.5
Infective or allergic
Most conditions should be correctable and benign.
conditions of eyelids or
Aircrew applicant: May be fit for entry when fully recovered. Unfit if
conjunctivae—
recurrent with frequent and troublesome symptoms.
recurrent
Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding depending on severity.
1.6
Scleritis—recurrent
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew training.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding and return to flying status
will depend on severity and assessment for possible underlying autoimmune /
other associated conditions; assess on case by case basis. May require
geographical limitation.
1.7
Growths or tumours of
Aircrew applicant: May be fit for entry when fully recovered, depending on
the eyelid
aetiology / histology. Unfit if residual, multiple or recurrent.
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Serving aircrew: May require temporary grounding and return to flying status
will depend on severity; assess on case by case basis.
2.
CORNEA
2.1
Corneal scarring
Aircrew applicant: Unfit if causes loss of visual acuity (VA) and glare
problems. Vascularisation or opacification of the cornea from any cause that
is progressive or reduces vision below entry visual standards will render
candidate permanently unfit.
Serving aircrew: Will require temporary grounding for full ophthalmic
assessment and return to flying status will depend on severity; assess on case
by case basis. May require AWQCPOT limitation.
2.2.1
Keratitis
Aircrew applicants: Past single episode may be suitable. Assess on case by
case basis. If more than one episode the likelihood of further attacks is
unpredictable therefore not suitable for enlistment and aircrew training
Serving aircrew: Continued flight status will be dependent on visual
performance, the frequency and severity of attacks and the requirement for
treatment and follow up. May require AWQCPOT and geographical limitation.
2.3
Dendritic Ulcer and
HSK is usually a one-off uncomplicated condition with no residual
Herpes Simplex Keratitis effect. Following the initial infection 20-25% of people may however develop
(HSK)
met-herpetic disease and become prone to recurrent corneal disease with
the risk of visual loss.
Aircrew applicants: Because HSK can be recurrent and can affect vision, more
than one attack is a bar to aircrew training. Applicants with a single attack
where there are no residual effects and vision has returned to normal may be
considered fit.
Dendritic ulcer Must have full recovery, no scarring and no
recurrence. More than 1 episode – unfit.
Serving aircrew: Aircrew are to be grounded during the attack and be off
treatment before returning to flying duties. Any persistent loss of VA in
aircrew should be referred to specialist in Ophthalmology for assessment in
consultation with OC AMU.
Because of the potential for recurrence, a limitation may have to be placed
on overseas deployment to ensure that immediate ophthalmic assessment is
available in the event of an attack.
2.4
Keratoconus
Keratoconus is normally a bilateral condition of young adults causing blurred
vision and corneal scarring.
Aircrew applicants: A history of Keratoconus is a bar to aircrew training.
Serving aircrew: Hard contact lenses are not normally permitted for aircrew
use.
Continuation of flying for serving aircrew will be in a case by case basis.
Aircrew requiring a corneal graft will then fall under the provisions of
guidelines for return to flying after receiving a corneal graft.
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2.5
Other abnormalities of
Assess on case by case basis. Recurrent condition will render aircrew
the conjunctivae
candidates unfit.
2.6
Pterygium
Aircrew applicants: Unfit until treated. Recurrent growths will be a bar to
entry.
Serving aircrew: Early referral and management advised. If interfering with
visual acuity will necessitate temporary grounding until fully treated and
recovery made.
2.7
Corneal Grafts
See section 8.2.
2.8
Corneal refractive
See section 8.3.
surgery
3
LENS
3.1
Aphakia
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew.
Serving aircrew: Requires full assessment by ophthalmologist. Return to
flying assessed on case by case basis in consultation with OC AMU.
3.2
Dislocation of Lens
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew.
Serving aircrew: Requires grounding and full assessment by ophthalmologist.
Return to flying assessed on case by case basis in consultation with OC AMU.
3.3
Cataracts / Lens
Cataracts produce a number of symptoms, the most common being gradual
opacities
painless loss of vision, glare (particularly from car headlights), and double
vision. Treatment is surgical with cataract extraction and intraocular lens
implant when cataract symptoms become visually significant.
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of cataract are unfit for
aircrew training. Applicants who have had a successful lens replacement with
intra ocular lenses and meet the entry criteria maybe considered for aircrew
training subject to specialist review. Current lens opacities render applicant
unfit for training.
Serving aircrew: Aircrew who develop cataracts or lens opacities are to be
assessed by a specialist in ophthalmology. Subsequent fitness to fly to be
made in consultation with OC AMU.
Successful cataract surgery need not be a bar to a return to flying duties. Any
cataract surgery in aircrew should be performed by a specialist with
knowledge of aviation ophthalmology. Aircrew who undergo cataract surgery
are to be subject to regular review throughout their flying careers.
Multifocal IOLs or monovision correction using IOLs is unacceptable.
4
IRIS/UVEA/CHOROID
4.1
Glaucoma and Raised
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of ocular hypertension
Intraocular pressure
or glaucoma are not fit for aircrew training.
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Serving aircrew: Those with ocular hypertension require regular screening
including visual field (VF) assessment by either an ophthalmologist or
optometrist. Aircrew are fit unrestricted flying where the VF is deemed
adequate but significant unilateral field loss in experienced aircrew would
confer a monocular or uniocular grading. All aircrew are to be assessed by a
specialist in ophthalmology and discussed with OC AMU.
Adrenaline and pilocarpine drops (pupil-affecting) are incompatible with
flying duties.
If surgery is indicated (trabeculectomy), the individual is to be downgraded,
Z5 ‘NZ only’, until either fully recovered or stable and preferably off topical
treatment. Thereafter, a G3 category is appropriate, provided that the VF is
satisfactory.
4.2
Uveitis, Anterior–iritis /
Anterior uveitis causes pain, photophobia, loss of VA and posterior synechiae,
irido-cyclitis
it is characteristically recurrent.
Aircrew applicants: Uveitis (or a past history of) anterior, intermediate or
posterior (syn: iritis, pars-planitis, vitreitis, choroiditis) will usually be a bar to
entry.
Serving aircrew: Continued flight status will be dependent on visual
performance, the frequency and severity of attacks and the requirement for
steroid drops.
Long-term treatment of anterior uveitis with topical steroids is not
compatible with flying duties unless under regular review by the specialist in
ophthalmology and after discussion with OC AMU.
A geographical/deployment limitation will normally have to be imposed to
ensure appropriate ophthalmological assessment is immediately available e.g.
Z4 Metropolitan areas only. In addition a limitation of “as or with co-pilot
qualified on type’ is appropriate.
If there is a period of 3 years free of attacks consideration can be given to
returning to full flight status.
4.2.1
Choroiditis
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of choroiditis are unfit
flying training.
Serving aircrew: Continued flight status will be dependent on visual
performance. A geographical/deployment limitation will normally have to be
imposed to ensure appropriate ophthalmological assessment is immediately
available. In addition a limitation of “as or with co-pilot qualified on type’ is
appropriate.
5
NEURO/NEUROMUSCULAR/FUNCTIONAL
5.1
Diplopia
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew.
Serving aircrew: Requires full assessment by ophthalmologist. Return to
flying assessed on case by case basis in consultation with OC AMU.
5.2
Myopia
See Visual standards - Appendix 1 to Annex Q.
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5.3
Nystagmus
Aircrew applicant: Unfit aircrew.
Serving aircrew: Requires full assessment by ophthalmologist. Return to
flying assessed on case by case basis in consultation with OC AMU.
5.4
Amblyopia and
Aircrew applicant: The individual should be assessed by an ophthalmologist.
Stabismus
Unlikely to meet visual standards for aircrew trades.
5.4.1
Duane Syndrome
Aircrew applicant: The individual should be assessed by an ophthalmologist.
Unfit aircrew training.
5.4.2
Strabismus, squint
Aircrew applicant: An aircrew applicant with a past history of strabismus that
has been corrected by patching or surgery will be considered on the basis of
their residual function. The individual should be assessed by an
ophthalmologist to ensure that the likelihood of regression is small and that
all visual standards are met.
Aircrew applicants with a frank squint will be outside the limits for
eso/exophoria and are unfit flying training.
Serving aircrew: Serving aircrew who develop a squint are to be referred for
ophthalmological assessment. They are considered fit to return to flying
duties when they meet the entry standard for eso/exophoria.
5.5
Prism correction of
See Visual standards – Appendix 1 to Annex Q.
spectacles
5.6
Loss of pupillary reflex
Aircrew applicant: The individual should be assessed by an ophthalmologist.
Unfit aircrew training.
Serving aircrew: Requires full assessment by ophthalmologist. Return to
flying assessed on case by case basis in consultation with OC AMU.
5.7
Monocular and
Personnel with defective vision in one eye have varying degrees of reduced
Uniocular vision
depth perception and restricted fields of vision.
(any cause)
Monocular and uniocular personnel are significantly increased risk of visual
incapacitation following other ocular injuries and are therefore also deemed
unfit to work with lasers.
For the purposes of this publication, specific definitions are listed below:
a. Uniocular. When one eye is normal and the other eye is either absent or is
blind.
b. Blind eye
. An eye possessing a best attainable corrected Snellen visual
acuity (VA) of 6/60 or worse.
c. Monocular. When an individual has two seeing eyes, one eye with normal
vision but the other eye possessing a best corrected VA between 6/60 and
6/24.
Aircrew applicants: Permanently unfit for flying training.
5.7.1
Uniocular vision
Serving aircrew: In favourable cases aircrew may be permitted to return to
flying duties after successful rehabilitation with an A3 grading, ‘unfit solo pilot
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- must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’ subject to recommendation
from OC AMU.
5.7.2
Monocular vision
Serving aircrew: Pilots are likely to be graded A3, ‘unfit solo pilot - must fly
with a pilot suitably qualified on type’ subject to recommendation from OC
AMU.
Trained Pilots that become monocular may return to limited flying 1 year
after the loss of the eye. Prior to returning to flight status the pilot should
undergo assessment by a QFI.
Monocularity is incompatible with NVG use.
Other aircrew members may be allowed to return to a full flying category.
5.8
Visual field defects
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with visual field defects are unfit for
aircrew training.
Serving Aircrew: Following ophthalmological assessment serving aircrew who
develop a field defect that has no aeromedical significance may return to
flying with a grading of A3 ‘as or with co-pilot qualified on type’.
5.9
Migraine
Migraine is incompatible with solo flying and solo aircraft controlling duties
and assessment by a neurologist is mandatory.
See aircrew medical standards Annex N.
5.10
Optic neuritis
Optic neuritis causes loss of vision and is incompatible with flying in the acute
phase. After the neurologist/ophthalmologist has confirmed full recovery and
after underlying demyelinating disease has been excluded by the neurologist;
it may be possible to return the patient to flying duties.
See aircrew medical standards Annex N.
6
DEGENERATIVE
6.1
Retrobulbar neuritis
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of retrobulbar neuritis
are unfit flying training.
Serving aircrew: Retrobulbar neuritis is incompatible with flying in the acute
phase. After the neurologist/ophthalmologist has confirmed full recovery and
after underlying demyelinating disease has been excluded by the neurologist;
it may be possible to return the patient to flying duties.
See aircrew medical standards Annex N.
6.2
Retinopathies
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of retinopathy are unfit
flying training.
Serving aircrew: Grounding required for the acute phase. Continuation of
flight status will be decided on a case by case basis following specialist
ophthalmic assessment and visual function.
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7
TRAUMA
7.1
Intra-ocular foreign
Aircrew applicants: Ophthalmologist review required. May consider if vision
body
stable (and meets standards) with no anticipated sequelae or need for
specialist review more than once a year.
Serving aircrew: Continuation of flight status will be decided on a case by
case basis depending on visual function and whether the condition is
unilateral or bilateral.
7.2
Retinal detachment
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with a history of retinal detachment
are unfit aircrew training
Serving aircrew: Following surgery continuation of flight status will be
decided on a case by case basis depending on visual function and visual field.
In an experienced aircrew member where only one eye is affected the issue
can be treated as if the member was monocular or uniocular.
8
SURGERY
8.1
Intra-ocular lens
Policy in development.
See section 3.3
implant, includes
cataract surgery
(for phakic intra-ocular
lens (PIOL) refer 8.3.4)
8.2
Corneal grafts
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants who have received a corneal graft are
considered unfit for aircrew training.
Serving aircrew: A return to flying Serving aircrew who have received a
corneal graft will be assessed on a case by case basis.
The aviator with a corneal graft is likely to be assessed A3, ‘unfit solo pilot -
must fly with a pilot suitably qualified on type’ or ‘unfit solo (aircrew category
to be specified)’. A return to unrestricted flying could only be achieved in
exceptionally favourable cases when the required visual standards are
achieved and there is an absence of significant visual symptoms.
8.3
Refractive surgery
Depends on type –
Appendix 2 to Annex Q.
8.3.1
Photo refractive surgery
See Appendix 2 to Annex Q.
8.3.3
All other surgical
Corneal reshaping surgery:
methods
Corneal reshaping is not a form of refractive surgery, but it has been offered
as an alternative to refractive surgery. Orthokeratology (Ortho –K) and
corneal refractive therapy (CRT) are procedures using special gas permeable
contact lenses to reshape the cornea as a temporary reduction of myopia.
Ortho-k and CRT procedures are unacceptable for aircrew.
Other Refractive Procedures:
Other procedures such as Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments (ICRS), thermal
keratotomy and incisional astigmatic keratotomy are also unacceptable for
aircrew.
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8.3.4
PIOL implant (Phakic
intraocular lens implant
Policy in development. See section 3.3
to correct myopia
without removal of the
eye’s natural lens)
8.3.5
Conductive
Policy in development.
keratoplasty (CK) &
laser thermal
keratoplasty
9
OTHER
9.1
Exophthalmos
Requires ophthalmology opinion. Assess on case by case basis with OC AMU.
Aircrew applicants: If not the result of a pathological process and vision is
stable and meets the entry visual standards.
Serving aircrew: Following ophthalmological assessment serving aircrew who
develop exophthalmos may return to flying if it is not the result of a
pathological process and vision is stable and meets the visual standards.
If it is the result of an underlying medical problem then management is to be
on a case by case basis with appropriate limitations.
9.2
Other chronic or
Aircrew applicant: Specialist opinion required for prognosis and suitability for
recurrent eye conditions aircrew training. Important to refer to ophthalmologist with aviation
experience and/or aware of aviation and military conditions.
If vision or visual function threatened then unfit aircrew training.
Serving aircrew: Continuation of flight status will be decided on a case by
case basis depending on visual function and whether the condition is
unilateral or bilateral.
9.3
Orthokeratology
Presently not approved for aircrew.
9.4
Correction of reduced
See Appendices 1 and 3 to Annex Q.
visual acuity
9.4.1
Soft contact lenses (SCL)
See Appendices 1 and 3 to Annex Q.
9.4.2
Corrective flying
See Appendices 1 and 3 to Annex Q.
spectacles (CFS)
CFS are to be checked at the periodic aircrew medical by the AvMO.
9.4.3
Sunglasses
Only sunglasses issued by RNZAF for the purpose of flying are to be worn by
aircrew when flying. This is to ensure that they meet the required standard
robustness and function.
9.5
Night blindness
Requires ophthalmology opinion. Assess on case by case basis with OC AMU.
Aircrew applicants: Aircrew applicants with true night blindness are unfit for
aircrew training.
Serving aircrew: Following ophthalmological assessment serving aircrew who
develop night blindness may return to flying on a case by case basis with
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appropriate limitations; with a grading of A3 ‘as or with co-pilot qualified on
type’ and daytime restriction.
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Appendix 1 to Annex Q
Appendix 1: Aviation Visual Standards at Selection (Aircrew Applicants)
Minimum Visual Acuity1
Reference Range2
Muscle balance
Accommodation
(Maddox Rod /
Stereopsis
Convergence
(with correction,
CP3
Maddox Wing) at
by age)
Uncorr
Corr
Near4
Inter7
Sph
Cyl
6 metres
Dist: Eso 6d to
17–20 ≤ 11 cm
Exo 8d,
21–25 ≤13 cm
≤ 1d Vert
PILOT / OBS
-1.50 to
26–30 ≤ 14 cm
6/24
6/6
N5
N14
+/-0.75 D
≤ 10cm
A
≤ 40 secs of arc
(RNZN)
+1.75 D
31–35 ≤ 16 cm
Near: Eso 6d to
36–40 ≤ 18.5 cm
Exo 16d,
40–45 ≤ 27 cm
≤ 1d Vert
-1.50 to
HLM
6/24
6/6
-
-
+/-0.75 D
As above
≤ 10cm
As above
A
≤ 40 secs of arc
+1.75 D
-2.00 to
-0.75 to
ALM
6/24
6/7.5
-
-
As above
≤ 10cm
As above
A
≤ 40 secs of arc
+3.00 D
+1.25 D
-6.00 to
AWO / AWS
6/36
6/7.5
-
-
+/-2.00 D
-
≤ 10cm
-
A
-
+6.00 D
-6.00 to
FSTWD
6/60
6/7.5
-
-
+/-2.00 D
-
≤ 10cm
-
B
-
+6.00 D
1 Each eye separately and bilaterally. Candidates who do not meet the minimum are to be awarded an A2 grading and the TWCLACASP (To Wear Corrective Lenses (approved) and to Carry a Spare Pair) restriction.
2 Must be within the reference range in order to meet minimum corrected vision for trade or better.
3 Colour Perception (CP). See next page flowchart for CP assessment.
4 Each eye separately, between 30–50 cm, with spectacles if applicable.
5 Each eye separately at 100 cm, with spectacles if applicable.
Trades: OBS (RNZN): Navy Observer; HLM: Helicopter Loadmaster; ALM: Air Loadmaster, AWO/AWS: Air Warfare Officer/Specialist; FSTWD: Flight Steward
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Appendix 1 to Annex Q
COLOUR PERCEPTION (CP) TESTING
ISHIHARA PSEUDO-ISOCHROMATIC
CPA – Colour Vision Normal
PLATES (PIPs)
PASS
Fit to join any trade
(Aircrew 24 or 38 plate edition)
FAIL
CPC – Colour Vision Deficient Board to determine whether fit to join and trade.
FARNSWORTH D15
FAIL
Note:
Unfit any aircrew position (permanent)
Unfit SF (permanent)
PASS
CPB – Colour Vision Safe
Fit to join most ground trades. Note:
Aircrew will require further testing, to include
CAD.
SF, in cases of doubt, may require further assessment
Auckland School of Optometry
for a full Colour Vision Assessment
CPA – Colour Vision Normal
PASS (
CAD inc)
Fit any aircrew position
Fit SF
CPB – Colour Vision Safe Unfit (permanent) pilot / RNZN observer
(OBS)
Safe
May be considered for rear crew
Fit SF
FAIL – but
declared
CPC – Colour Vision Deficient
Unsafe
Unfit any aircrew trade (permanent)
Unfit SF (permanent)
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Appendix 2 to Annex Q
Appendix 2: Visual Correction for Aircrew: Corneal
Refractive Surgery
1.
Corneal Refractive Surgery (CRS) keeps advancing with newer techniques since its
inception in the 1980s. There are a number of popular methods; although we do not
advocate for individuals to undergo CRS, the following are acceptable for aircrew:
a.
Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) involves the reshaping of the anterior
corneal surface by photoablation using an ultraviolet excimer laser. The corneal
epithelium is removed prior to treatment and grows back over the treated zone
within 4-6 days.
b.
Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis (LASEK) is a modification of PRK where a thin flap
of corneal epithelium is created. The underlying corneal stroma is ablated in the
same way as PRK but the flap of epithelium is replaced and acts as a bandage
lens. The visual outcome is very similar to PRK but pain and haze are reduced.
c.
Laser In-Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) involves the cutting of an actual flap of
corneal stromal tissue and ablating the underlying stromal bed, before replacing
the flap. Disruption of the epithelial layer is kept to a minimum and this avoids
the aggressive healing response that leads to the formation of haze. Pain is also
minimised and visual recovery occurs within 1-2 days. For those with low levels
of myopia, outcomes in terms of visual performance for all of these techniques
are very similar.
d.
Wavefront Guided (WFG), or custom LASIK, is just a more refined or
accurate form of LASIK.
e.
Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) procedure is presently under review.
f.
Other forms of refractive surgery are currently not acceptable
A.
Aircrew Applicants
2.
Aircrew are normally recruited at an age before ocular maturity when CRS may not
provide long-term refractive stability. For this reason, CRS is not recommended below the
age of 21. However, aircrew recruits may be accepted subject to the following criteria:
a.
CRS by PRK, LASEK and LASIK only. Aircrew applicants who have had any other
refractive surgical correction are unfit for enlistment.
b.
A minimum of 6 months has elapsed since surgery.
3.
They are to provide a letter from a photorefractive surgeon detailing:
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a.
Their pre-surgery refraction, at least one interim refraction and current
refraction. The current refraction is to include an assessment of contrast
sensitivity. Subject’s refraction to have been stable for at least 6 months.
b.
Recorded pre-operative ametropia, which must not exceed –7.00 to +3.00
dioptres in any meridian
c.
Any ongoing postsurgical problems, e.g. oedema / inflammation / haze of the
cornea and/or requirement for ongoing steroid drops.
d.
Any reported deterioration in contrast sensitivity, night vision or increase in
glare.
4.
Individuals will be considered fit provided they meet the entry visual standards for
their particular trade and have no significant adverse visual effects.
5.
In case of doubt as to whether the applicant meets the entry visual standards, OC
AMU may request an independent assessment from an ophthalmologist specialist in CRS.
6.
Unlike some nations who perform corneal topography on all aircrew candidates to
identify applicants who may have undergone CRS, NZDF will rely on an applicant’s honesty
to declare any previous photorefractive surgery. This is because corneal topography does
not always demonstrate the evidence of CRS.
B.
Serving Aircrew
7.
Prior to treatment, personnel should be counselled on the possible complications or
side effects of the procedure and on a potential loss of flying status as a result.
8.
The cost of all surgery, follow-up and any additional treatment for complications, is
to be borne by the individual.
9.
The surgery is non-essential and could adversely impact on short to medium term
availability for flying duties; aircrew are to be advised to defer treatment until they are on
a non-flying tour. The individual is to obtain their line manager's approval before
proceeding with surgery.
10. Aircrew who have undergone CRS are to be downgraded temporarily A4 ‘unfit flying
duties’ for a minimum of 3 (normally 6) months. Provided there has been a full recovery of
visual standards (confirmed by the approved base CAA optometrist) and no complications,
individuals may be re-graded A1 from the ophthalmic point of view. In cases of doubt, an
assessment by a RNZAF preferred ophthalmic surgeon provider may be required.
11. Prior to the surgery the following conditions should be met:
a.
A full ophthalmic examination.
b.
Measurement of refractive error.
c.
The individual’s pre-surgical refractions must meet the following criteria:
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(1) Myopia < -7
Dioptres
(2) Hyperopia < +3 Dioptres
(3) Astigmatism < 2.5 Dioptres
(4) Anisometropia <2.5 Dioptres
d.
The most recent refraction must have been performed within the preceding 6
months. Measurement of the best spectacle corrected Snellen VA, with and
without the ‘Brightness Acuity Tester’ glare source.
e.
Contrast sensitivity testing in photopic and mesopic conditions using the Pelli-
Robson chart.
f.
Contrast acuity assessment to assess functional visual performance under both
photopic and mesopic levels of ambient illumination.
g.
Pupillometry in mesopic and scotopic conditions.
Return to Duties
12. A return to flying duties is not permitted before 3 months. Serving aircrew who
undergo any of the non-approved techniques will not be fit for flying duties.
13. Post-operative assessment. Performed before the individual is permitted to return to
flying duties, usually at 1, 3 and 6 months (or as specified by their surgeon), they are to
include a repeat of the pre-operative tests. A satisfactory outcome with stable refraction is
required before returning to flying duties, normally 3-6 months postoperatively.
14. Conditions for fitness to fly. Once confirmed by an RNZAF AvMO Medical Officer,
who will have considered the following criteria:
a.
Two postoperative refractions have been performed at least two weeks apart
with less than 0.5D difference between two measurements in the same eye.
b.
All topical ophthalmic preparations, with the exception of artificial tears, have
ceased.
c.
There is an absence of unwanted symptoms or postoperative side effects
including, but not limited to:
(1) decrease in best corrected visual acuity,
(2) corneal haze, reduced contrast sensitivity, pain, blurred vision,
(3) degradation of night vision or colour vision, or significant dry eyes
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15. Serving aircrew who appear to have had unapproved CRS (e.g. if aircrew are noted to
have a marked improvement in uncorrected VA) are to be declared ‘unfit flying duties’
pending an assessment of visual standards.
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Appendix 3: Visual Correction for Aircrew
a. This Appendix provides guidance and direction on the use of corrective lenses for
aircrew. Appendix 1 to Annex Q provides details on visual standards for aircrew
b. All aircrew are to have VA 6/6 (uncorrected or corrected) in each eye or better when
flying (unless indicated on Appendix 1 to Annex Q).
c. Aircrew whose VA drops below 6/6 on Titmus testing is to be referred to an optometrist
for assessment and prescription of corrective lenses (CL) in the form of either corrective
flying spectacles (CFS) or soft contact lenses (SCL).
d. Once prescribed these have to be worn in flight and a spare pair of glasses carried for
emergency use.
e. The requirement for the use of correction is to be reflected in an A2 grading with the
limitation ‘To Wear Corrective Lenses (approved) and to carry a Spare Pair’
(TWCLACASP). SCL require additional caveat – ‘Approved SCL’.
f. Corrective lenses (CFS and SCL) are to conform to specified standards – see below.
g. CFS are to be checked at the periodic aircrew medical by the AvMO.
h. Pilots, Observers and HLM holding an A2 category are to have annual optometry
assessments.
i.
Other personnel holding an A2 category are to have optometry assessments, as
indicated by their optometrist or AvMO.
Contact Lenses
j.
Although contact lenses do have drawbacks, contact lens technology has progressed to
the point where the wearing of contact lenses is acceptable for aircrew, including
pilots. As a result, SCLs and cleaning solutions are authorised for all aircrew at Defence
expense.
Type of Contact Lenses.
k. Hard lenses, including gas permeable lenses, are unsuitable for military aircrew use
because of the risk of their being dislodged from the eye and the potential risk of a
foreign body being trapped under the lens. In addition, if the aircrew member has to
subsequently revert to spectacles because of a problem with their contact lenses,
spectacle blur can occur and remain for several hours following hard lens use.
l.
High water content soft lenses are considered suitable. Deposable contact lenses are
also acceptable provided they provide appropriate correction. The use of disposable
contact lenses also reduces the problems of providing hygienic lens care under field
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conditions. The majority of soft contact lenses have a high water content and are
suitable for daily wear only.
m. Soft contact lenses or disposable lenses are suitable for RNZAF operational conditions.
n. There are circumstances in which SCL have a clear operational advantage over CFS as
they do not interfere with other equipment. However they may rarely cause
complications and the loss of a lens in flight is a potential hazard.
o. Aircrew wishing to wear SCL for flying duties are to be informed of the following:
a.
SCL being used for flying duties must be approved, periodically replaceable.
b.
SCL are incompatible with CBRN operations.
c.
SCL are not to be worn when wearing aircrew CBRN respirators (e.g. AR5).
d.
SCL are to be replaced by new SCL no less frequently than the intended life of
the lens.
e.
They are to be worn as daily wear lenses and are not to be worn during sleep.
f.
Whenever an individual is wearing SCL whilst on duty, they are to carry a pair
of clear CFS matching their current SCL prescription.
g.
There is risk of ophthalmic complications and temporary loss of operational
effectiveness and temporary loss of operational effectiveness arising from the
use of SCL by aircrew. These complications are generally related to misuse
and irregular cleaning of SCL.
h.
If either eye becomes red or painful the individual is to cease wearing SCL
immediately and report to a Service MO within 24 hours. (If not impossible,
they are to attend a primary care medical practitioner, an ophthalmic
practitioner or a hospital emergency department within the same period). If
flight is necessary within that period the individual is to wear CFS. Following
such an incident, SCL are not to be worn until approval has been obtained
from an AvMO following advice from an ophthalmologist or optometrist.
Authorising SCL use
p. Aircrew who wish to use SCL whilst flying are to be referred to an approved
ophthalmologist or optometrist for assessment. The ophthalmologist or optometrist is
to confirm whether the individual is a suitable candidate for wearing SCL in flight.
q. Before approval to wear SCL in flight is given to the individual the AvMO is to ensure
that:
a.
The individual undertakes to comply with the lens type, cleaning solution and
follow-up requirements
b.
The individual has at least one month’s satisfactory experience of daily use of
the approved lens type and cleaning solutions, but not while actively flying
Limitations
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r. Aircrew requiring the use of SCL are to be awarded a medical category of A2. The
following limitation is be used:
a.
TWCLACASP (Approved SCL)
(1) Must wear approved visual corrective lenses when flying, authorised to
wear contact lenses.
(2) Must carry approved corrective flying spectacles (spare pair) when flying.
s. Authority to wear SCL in flight is not given until such action has been completed.
Follow up
t. Aircrew approved to fly wearing SCL are to be examined by an ophthalmologist or
optometrist at 3 monthly intervals from first use in flight. After 6 months of satisfactory
use of SCL in flight this interval may be extended to 6 months at the discretion of the
ophthalmologist or optometrist.
Corrective Flying Spectacles
u. At present the RNZAF does not issue specialized issue flying corrective spectacles.
v. The following standards are to be followed for the procurement of CFS for aircrew:
a. The spectacle frame should be thin and light, preferably of metal, in order to
reduce obstruction of the field of vision and should completely surround the lens.
b. Nylon thread or rimless type spectacles may be a flight hazard because of lenses
falling out and are not authorised.
c. Side pieces/arms should be thin/flat to avoid breaking the seal of the ear bun or
headsets or protective flying helmets.
d. Lenses should be a synthetic material e.g. CR 39, to reduce risk of shattering with
impact such as a bird strike. For technical reasons, only low powered
polycarbonate lenses can be prescribed for aircrew because of prismatic dispersion
of light at higher refractive powers.
e. Lenses may be single vision or multifocal, however, continuous or variable focus
lenses are not authorised owing to distortion produced in the periphery.
f. Tinted lenses, either plane or corrective, can be used but should be good optical
quality. Polarising type tinted lenses are not authorised, as are gradient density
lenses which may impede depth perception.
g. Photochromatic lenses are not authorised as, although they darken rapidly they
may recover their transmittance too slowly for aircrew use.
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h. Only sunglasses issued by RNZAF for the purpose of flying are to be worn by aircrew
when flying. This is to ensure that they meet the required standard robustness and
function.
w. CFS are to be checked at the periodic aircrew medical by the AvMO.
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