Briefing
COVID-19 Public Health Response (Vaccinations) Order 2021 for signature
Date due to MO: 28 April 2021
Action required by:
28 April 2021
Security level:
IN CONFIDENCE
Health Report number: 20210940
To:
Hon Chris Hipkins, Minister for COVID-19 Response
ACT 1982
Contact for telephone discussion
Name
Position
Telephone
Dr Ashley Bloomfield
Director-General of Health
s 9(2)(a)
INFORMATION
Maree Roberts
Deputy Director-General, System Strategy s 9(2)(a)
and Policy
Minister’s office to complete:
☐ Approved
☐ Decline
☐ Noted
☐ Needs change
☐ Seen
☐ Overtaken by events
☐ See Minister’s Notes
☐ Withdrawn
Comment:
RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL
ACT 1982
INFORMATION
RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL
ACT 1982
INFORMATION
RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL
COVID-19
Public
Health
Response
(Vaccinations) Order 2021 for signature
Background
1.
On 20 April 2021, you agreed to make the COVID-19 Public Health Response (Vaccination)
Order 2021 that requires work at certain places to be carried out by affected persons who
are vaccinated. The Order requires that work undertaken in Managed Isolation and
Quarantine Facilities (MIQFs), and by government officials at affected airports and affected
ports, be performed only by workers who have been vaccinated [MBIE paper 2021-3276
refers].
Contents of the Vaccinations Order
ACT 1982
2.
The Order makes it mandatory for work at certain places to be carried out by affected
persons who are vaccinated. It includes provisions on:
a. timings for when border workers are required to be fully vaccinated in order to carry
out specified work
b. duties of persons conducting a business or undertaking (PCBUs) and employees in
relation to vaccinations, including that a breach of any obligations will be an
INFORMATION
infringement offence
c. limited exceptions to the vaccination requirement, including in the case of necessary,
unanticipated, time-critical work, and in order to protect a person’s life, health or
safety in an emergency
d. information sharing aimed at supporting effective implementation of the draft Order
and the COVID-19 Immunisation Programme, by providing the government and
employers/PCBUs a mechanism allowing them to know who has and has not been
vaccinated, by:
i. requiring the relevant PCBU to request information from the Ministry of Health
on the vaccination status of individuals that the PCBU has determined must be
vaccinated to perform high risk work at the border
ii. requiring the Ministry of Health to provide an individual’s relevant COVID-19
vaccination records to PCBUs, as requested
iii. requiring individuals who wish to perform work covered by the Order to allow
the relevant PCBU to access any records that the Ministry of Health has
RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL
regarding their COVID-19 vaccination status.
Changes to the draft Order
3.
Since Ministerial consultation, there have been amendments made to the draft Order
based on further agency consultation. This includes:
a. In relation to Clause 11 “Duties regarding vaccination status”, clarifying the roles and
responsibilities of different stakeholders, including:
Briefing: HR20210940
3
i. that it is the PCBU, not the Ministry of Health, who determines who needs to
be vaccinated in order to perform work at an MIQF, affected port, or affected
airport
ii. that the Ministry of Health is responsible for checking the vaccination status of
the individual, and reporting it back to the requesting PCBU
iii. adding a requirement that PCBUs must advise the Ministry of Health if an
individual is no longer subject to the Order
4.
These amendments do not change the substantive policy intent of the Order previously
agreed [MBIE paper 2021-3276 refers].
Process for making a section 11 Order
5.
Under the COVID-19 Act, an Order may be made if either:
a. a state of emergency has been declared (under the Civil Defence Emergency
ACT 1982
Management Act 2002);
b. an Epidemic Notice is in force (under the Epidemic Preparedness Act 2006); or
c. it has been authorised by the Prime Minister.
6.
There is currently an Epidemic Notice in place, which allows Orders to be made under
section 11 of the COVID-19 Act.
7.
As the Minister for COVID-19 Response, you may make Orders under section 11 of the
INFORMATION
COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020 (the Act).
8.
To make an Order under section 11 you must:
a. have received advice from the Director-General about:
i. the risks of the outbreak or spread of COVID-19; and
ii. the nature and extent of measures that are appropriate to address those risks;
and
b. be satisfied that the proposed Order does not limit or is a justified limit on the rights
and freedoms in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZBORA); and
c. consult with the Prime Minister, the Minister of Justice, Minister of Health, and any
other Ministers you think necessary; and
d. be satisfied that this Order is appropriate to achieve the purposes of the Act.
9.
My advice about the risks of the outbreak or spread of COVID-19 and the nature and
extent of measures that are appropriate to manage those risks is set out below.
RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL
Public health rationale
10.
You have previously been provided with detailed public health rationale for the proposed
draft Order [MBIE paper 2021-3276 refers].
11.
The Ministry advises that there is a public health rationale for requiring specified high-risk
roles only be undertaken by vaccinated individuals, in response to the current pandemic.
This is due to the risk that these individuals may be exposed to, and infected by, COVID-
19 during their work.
Briefing: HR20210940
4
12.
Evidence of the efficacy of vaccines in preventing person-to-person transmission is still
evolving. However, current evidence suggests that the vaccine is likely to be effective in
preventing transmission. Real-world evidence suggests that people vaccinated with the
Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine who develop COVID-19 have a four-fold lower viral
load than unvaccinated people. This observation may indicate reduced transmissibility, as
viral load and symptomatic infection has been identified as a key driver of transmission.1
13.
Vaccines offer a high degree of protection for individuals who are vaccinated, alongside a
range of other public health measures. A worker who has been vaccinated will have a very
high likelihood that they will be protected from serious illness or death and are more likely
to be asymptomatic if infected.
14.
Therefore, while vaccination does not prevent all possible episodes of transmission,
vaccination has a clinically relevant impact on reducing the risk of transmission. The risk
of COVID-19 infection in New Zealand is currently highest amongst those in high-risk roles
at the border. Ensuring that such workers are vaccinated will therefore substantially
protect the wider community.
ACT 1982
New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
15.
Section 9(ba) of the COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020 explicitly requires that
orders made under section 11 of the Act be made consistently with the New Zealand Bill
of Rights Act (NZBORA). If an order limits a right or freedom affirmed in that Act, all or
part of the order may be invalid unless the limitation can be demonstrably justified in a
free and democratic society (section 5).
INFORMATION
16.
The Order raises issues of consistency with the right to refuse medical treatment (s11 of
the Bill of Rights Act) and right to be free from discrimination on the grounds of disability,
sex (pregnancy) or religious beliefs (s19 of NZBORA).
Finely balanced issue
17.
To be satisfied that the limits on these rights are justified, there needs to be a robust public
health rationale for requiring that high-risk work be performed only by workers who have
been vaccinated. The public health rationale concerns the efficacy of vaccines in
preventing transmission. Although evolving, the evidence suggests vaccines are likely to
be effective in preventing wider transmission.
18.
Ministers must also be satisfied that this public health benefit cannot be realised without
introducing this proposal and that introducing the requirement is proportionate to the
objective.
19.
If a court decided the Order, or actions of an employer under the draft Order, was not
justified or proportionate, then the Order may be successfully challenged in court and
RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL
found to be ultra vires, which has the effect of making the Order null and void.
Crown Law Office
20.
Under section 19 of the NZBORA, Crown Law Office considers that if MIQF workers, and
government workers at affected airports and affected ports, who cannot or will not receive
1
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/fully-vaccinated-people.html
Briefing: HR20210940
5
the vaccination and therefore suffer a material disadvantage, by way of loss of
employment, that the Order may amount to discrimination on the grounds of:
a. sex – based on pregnancy, should the official caution in relation to pregnancy be
strengthened;
b. disability – if a medical condition has prevented them receiving the vaccination;
and/or
c. religion – if they decline to be vaccinated as a result of a genuine religious or ethical
belief.
21.
Furthermore, under s11 of NZBORA, Crown Law Office considers the requirement to
receive a vaccination as a condition of employment limits the right to refuse medical
treatment.
22.
If there is a robust public health rationale, Crown Law Office considers that the Order is a
justified restriction on their rights and freedoms affirmed by the NZBORA. Crown Law
ACT 1982
emphasises that there must be a public health rationale in order to justify the limitation
of human rights that coerced vaccination will cause. The fact that vaccination benefits the
personal health of those vaccinated is irrelevant for this purpose.
23.
A summary of the Crown Law Office’s advice is attached as
Appendix 2.
Equity
24.
As discussed above, there is potential for the Order to discriminate against workers on
INFORMATION
the grounds of sex, disability or religion. We are also aware that many of the affected
workers are in low paying jobs and are carried out my ethnic minorities and women, who
would potentially be more greatly impacted.
25.
However, we also know from historical examples that Māori and Pacific peoples are likely
to be disproportionality affected by a widespread epidemic. Therefore, there is also an
equity imperative to do everything possible, within the requirement that that Minister
must be satisfied that there is no limitations on rights or that any limitation on rights is
justified, to minimise the potential risk to the community from COVID-19.
26.
Given that the vaccination is available to all groups, we do not consider the equity
concerns above to be sufficient to prohibit taking this action.
Implementation
27.
The Border Worker Testing Register (BWTR), which became mandatory on 27 April 2021,
is the most comprehensive database of the border and MIQF workforce. The Order will
allow the Ministry to pre-populate data from the BWTR with the COVID-19 Immunisation
Register to proactively identify who should be vacc
RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL inated.
28.
The Order will also authorise the sharing of the vaccination status of workers (subject to
the Order) with their PCUBs/employers. This will provide PCUBs/employers with an
accurate record of the vaccination status of their workforce and assist them to manage
their obligations under the draft Order in a more efficient way.
29.
The implementation of the Order is dependent on PCBU’s being able to access information
on the COVID-19 vaccination status of their employees, as appropriate. The Ministry is
developing an IT solution that will support the automated generation of this information,
Briefing: HR20210940
6
on request. We anticipate this being operational from 11 May 2021. In the interim, the
Ministry will support the implementation of the Order through a manual process. This
means that there is likely to be a transition period, during which some PCBUs will not have
immediate access to information on the vaccination status of their affected employees.
While this may technically be in breach of the Order, there would need to be evidence of
a breach for that to be enforced.
30.
We will work with PCBUs to try and manage these requests for information so that
information flows can work as effectively as possible in the circumstances. The key
difficulty during this time is that we are still transitioning some PCBUs onto the BWTR.
Until that is complete, it is not possible to automate the information sharing about
vaccination status.
31.
While consideration was given to making provision for this transition period in the Order,
on the advice of the Ministry’s legal team, we have determined that it is more effective to
work alongside PCBUs to ensure that they operate in a manner consistent with the intent
of the Order, and we support and enable PCBUs to meet their obligations under the Orde
ACT 1982 r,
as soon as possible, to meet the Government’s objectives.
32.
MBIE will lead work on the development of the operational guidance to support the Order
when it comes into effect. This will include updating guidance on employment.govt.nz;
and working with the Public Service Commission and the Border Executive Board Chief
Executives to ensure that appropriate guidance is provided to public sector employers.
33.
We will update operational guidance (including the immunisation sequencing framework)
INFORMATION
to ensure that relevant provision is made for people required to be vaccinated under the
Order.
Next steps
34.
Further advice will be provided from the Border Executive Board agencies on the
recommended approach to requiring specified high-risk work performed by other
workforces operating at the border that can only be done by a vaccinated worker,
including any proposed exemptions and other issues for Ministers to consider, such as the
scope of work and workers impacted at affected airports and affected ports.
35.
Following this further advice, an Amendment to the Order could be made to bring
additional groups into the Order.
36.
We recommend that you sign the attached Order on 28 April 2021 (today) so that it can
be gazetted by 5:00pm. This will ensure that the Order enters into force at 11:59pm on
30 April 2021.
ENDS RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL
Briefing: HR20210940
7
Appendix 2: Summary of Crown Law Office advice – Legally Privileged
1.
This is a brief summary of previous Crown Law Office advice on the proposal to make an
order under s 11 of the COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020 to require that certain
work only be undertaken by vaccinated workers (more detailed Crown Law Office advice
is attached to briefing 2021-3276).
2.
Before making the proposed s 11 order, the Minister must be satisfied that there is a
robust and credible public health rationale to justify limiting the rights and freedoms of
high-risk workers affirmed by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. The fact that
vaccination benefits the personal health of those vaccinated is irrelevant for this purpose.
3.
We understand the Ministry of Health considers there is a public health rationale for
requiring specified high-risk work only be undertaken by vaccinated people in response
to the current pandemic. This is because there is a risk that those individuals may be
exposed to, and infected by, COVID-19 in the course of their work and may transmit the
ACT 1982
virus into the community. They consider vaccination of high-risk workers will materially
reduce this risk, and other less-intrusive measures have failed to do so. Based on the
Ministry of Health’s public health advice the Crown Law Office is of the opinion that
requiring vaccinated people to fulfil high risk roles is a justified limitation of the right to
refuse to undertake medical treatment (s 11) and of discrimination (s 19). Crown Law
Office’s advice is reliant on public health advice and it is the quality of that public health
advice that would likely determine any challenge in a Court.
INFORMATION
4.
The fact not all potentially high-risk border workers will be covered by the proposed s 11
order does not undermine the public health rationale for the proposed order. We
understand for pragmatic and implementation reasons there are other potentially high-
risk workers who are not included in the proposed s 11 order. We understand work in this
space is ongoing and it is likely further s 11 orders will be made to capture other high-risk
workers.
RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL
Briefing: HR20210940
8