CORE FUND PROJECT - FINAL REPORT FOR 2015/16
Please complete and email to [email address] by Friday 15th July 2016.
ESR is fully accountable for Core Funding. Information in this report will be used to
demonstrate what ESR Core Funding has been invested in, and to quantify the benefit
from the investment in e.g. the Board Report. It will also inform future investment of
Core Funding.
Project title:
Centre for Integrated Biowaste Research (CIBR)
Project leader(s):
Dr Jacqui Horswell
Duration:
Until 2017. Report covers period of 01st July 2015 – 30th June 2016.
Budget (amount allocated per year and total spent) Allocated: $1,254,086
Spent: $1,754,646
List the capabilities developed and by whom (include students)
1
CIBR core capabilities
The CIBR is a virtual centre, combining the expertise of 9 New Zealand research
institutes, universities and research partners. Led by ESR, it brings together a multi-
disciplinary team of scientists and researchers from ESR, Scion, Cawthron Institute,
Landcare Research, NIWA, Lincoln University, Lowe Environmental Impact, Northcott
Research Consultants Ltd., and Kukupa Research.
Four teams, one aim: The CIBR combines researchers with over 20 years’ experience in
Soil Science, Micro and Molecular biology, Ecotoxicology, and Social and Cultural
Research.
The CIBR has core capabilities and innovation to support biowaste beneficial
reuse/resource recovery; this includes:
➢ The development of transdisciplinary solutions
(technical/social/cultural/economic) for beneficial reuse of biowaste .
➢ Providing NZ’s leading capabilities in utilising field trials, laboratory data and
cutting edge experimental science to assess:
o environmental fate and effects of contaminants in different waste streams;
o waste processing technologies for reducing harm (e.g. reduction in
environmental impacts) and economic potential;
o technologies and systems to mitigate the environmental and public health
impacts of recycling waste to land;
o risks of new and emerging contaminants (biophysical/social/cultural
science).
Capability development - students and postdocs [Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
2
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA]
List the external research or grant proposals submitted (include $ value) and any
research funding obtained that have been made possible as a result of CF investment
in the project, include proposals awaiting funding decisions:
Grant proposals submitted
Funding body
Project title
Funding
Successful/declined/pending
requested
Royal Society of
Managing the
$52,230
Successful
NZ Catalyst:
risk of
Seeding General
emerging
grant
organic
contaminants in
New Zealand
through an
international
science
partnership
[Withheld under
[Withheld
[Withheld
Pending
section 9(2)(b)(ii)
under section
under section
of the OIA]
9(2)(b)(ii) of the 9(2)(b)(ii) of
OIA]
the OIA]
[Withheld under
[Withheld
[Withheld
Pending
section 9(2)(b)(ii)
under section
under section
of the OIA]
9(2)(b)(ii) of the 9(2)(b)(ii) of
OIA]
the OIA]
[Withheld under
[Withheld
[Withheld
declined
section 9(2)(b)(ii)
under section
under section
of the OIA]
9(2)(b)(ii) of the 9(2)(b)(ii) of
OIA]
the OIA]
[Withheld under
[Withheld
[Withheld
declined
section 9(2)(b)(ii)
under section
under section
of the OIA]
9(2)(b)(ii) of the 9(2)(b)(ii) of
OIA]
the OIA]
[Withheld under
[Withheld
[Withheld
Declined
section 9(2)(b)(ii)
under section
under section
of the OIA]
9(2)(b)(ii) of the 9(2)(b)(ii) of
OIA]
the OIA]
3
List all external research revenue obtained seeded by this CF project:
Co-funding and subcontracting
Funding type
Organisation name
Amount
[Withheld under
Industry external
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
[Withheld under
Industry External
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
External
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
External
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
External
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
Industry External
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
Internal
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
Investment Fund
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
(IIF)
the OIA]
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
Industry External
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
Co funding
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
Sub-contract
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
Sub-contract
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
4
Co-funding
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
Co-funding
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
Co-funding
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
Sub-contract
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
Co-funding
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
Co-funding
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] [Withheld under
section 9(2)(b)(ii) of
the OIA]
Show commercial benefits from the investment, list any new products or services
made possible by CF, both actual and potential (be realistic, not far fetched) and
estimate revenue, clients and timeframe for achieving this:
•
[Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA]
5
Explain how your research contributes to ESR’s IMPACT/s? (don’t just list the impacts)
The CIBR programme contributes specifically to the
Water and Environment Outcome
4 of the outcomes and impacts in the Statement of Corporate Intent (2015-2020).
“Improve the safety of freshwater and groundwater resources for human use and the safer
use of biowastes”
Our work contributes to the ESR impacts:
New Zealanders have assurance that drinking water is safe
Land use and water resources are inextricably linked. This is illustrated in many
Regional plans where certain activities such as on-site wastewater treatment is restricted
in drinking water catchments. Our research into greywater and on-site wastewater is
improving the quality of treated effluent by reducing microbial and chemical
contaminants that could potentially end-up in drinking water catchments.
Improvements in rivers, streams and groundwater quality are informed by scientific
analysis
Water pollution in NZ is an increasing concern for regulatory bodies and
environmentalists. Nutrient loss from agricultural areas and wastewater treatment plant
effluent are major sources of pollution for freshwater systems. CIBR research is
contributing to the improvement of water quality by:
➢
increasing our knowledge of viruses present in wastewater and methods to
enhance their removal;
➢
using bioactive/antimicrobial compounds produced by myrtaceaeous plants,
especially Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium), to inhibit the conversion of
ammonia into nitrate and nitrous oxide, and enhance the die-off of pathogenic
organisms in the wastes that pass through their root systems.
➢
determining which emerging organic contaminants are of the most concern in
terms of environmental impact and investigating ways to reduce them (e.g.,
behaviour change) or which waste processing technologies remove them.
Safer use of biowastes
CIBR aims to facilitate the safer use of biowastes by providing holistic fully integrated
solutions that take due cognisance of the environmental, social, cultural and economic
aspects of re-use as well as the regulatory environment in NZ (The Resource
Management Act, RMA). We have characterised chemical and microbial levels and
collected fate, transport and effects data in a variety of organic wastes. We can combine
this data with our research on waste processing technologies, our community and Iwi
engagement expertise and our site management to ensure that the impacts of biowaste re-
use is “less than minimal” as required under the RMA. We can provide mitigation tools
to reduce environmental contamination risks associated with agricultural wastes such as
6
dairy shed effluent and to manage pollution run-off from farms ultimately leading to the
safer use of biowastes. C
IBR continues to provide the science that underpins the development of national
guidelines and is jointly leading a review of the NZ Biosolids Guidelines. Programme
leader Jacqui Horswell is a member of the steering group supported by CIBR team
members (Tremblay, Gielen, Northcott, Horswell, Robinson and Esperschuetz). Jacqui
Horswell also represents the Australia/NZ Biosolids partnership on the new international
ISO standard for biosolids application to land. CIBR provides advice for resource
consent applications and district planning, with respect to land application of wastes and
works in partnership with environmental engineers to provide the science expertise where
required.
Environmental threats to human health from chemicals, microbes and physical
contaminant are mitigated.
CIBR has extensive expertise in the detection of biological and chemical contaminants in
waste – this is an incredibly difficult medium to work in and often traditional techniques
are not applicable to this complex waste stream. Our extensive emerging organic
chemical analysis capability coupled with our ecotoxicology platform allows us to
characterise the range of contaminants commonly detected in biowastes including
mixtures of chemicals. Our experience in isolating microbiological contaminants allows
us to reliably detect and enumerate bacteria and viruses present in wastewater and solid
wastes. Using these techniques we can improve knowledge on the effectiveness of waste
treatment and use this enhanced knowledge to improve the effectiveness of treatment of
waste for the future. We are developing methods to detect and identify pharmaceuticals,
and enzymes present in wastewater, which will have a direct use for response to
contamination in the environment in the future.
7
List anything else that can demonstrate value from this CF investment:
Science Quality:
Indicator
Number
Accepted Peer-reviewed journal publications
18
Completed masters or doctorate theses
6
Conference presentations
23
Book Chapters
1
Commissioned or CIBR Reports:
7
Workshop/hui presentations
3
Awards for science achievement
10
Travel grants awarded for conference attendance
$9,500
Newsletters
2
Science education/outreach
20
Executive summary – Three to four sentences giving an overview of your project and the
results obtained. This will be used for the board report so keep in mind that not everyone
is an expert in your field.
CIBR provides unique and holistic solutions for the sustainable management of
biowastes (organic waste). We deliver value-added science that improves human well-
being and protects the environment.
CIBR is a virtual research centre with multi-disciplinary expertise within 9 research
organisations. Integrating our research skills enables us to offer a full range of biowaste
solutions backed up by cutting edge science and innovation. Not only do we solve
today’s problems, but we are working to solve the tomorrow’s issues today.
New Zealand produces nearly 700,000 tonnes of solid biowaste each year, of which 62%
goes to landfill. Landfilling is not a viable long-term management option and is
becoming more difficult due to increased levies, lack of space and transportation
distance, and a general community expectation of a need to develop sustainable use
options. In addition, landfilling creates a significant regional economic and
environmental issue and runs contrary to central government policy.
Unlike many other waste streams, there are good prospects for alternative, economical
and beneficial end-use options for organic wastes, and in an agricultural context, re-use
of biowaste may offset the cost of inorganic fertilizers, while improving soil quality.
CIBR has been working on finding sustainable solutions for the management of
8
biowastes, centred on land application. We have developed systems for mitigating and
minimising environmental impacts; and developed frameworks to support and aid the
community and iwi engagement often required.
CIBR also provides the science behind the development of policy and guidelines for
biowastes re-use in New Zealand and much of our research is focused on future proofing
by gaining an understand of the new challenges the industry may face, for example the
fate and effects of new and emerging contaminants. We have also broadened our
historical focus on biosolids to encompass other waste streams including greywater,
municipal effluent, dairy shed effluent, green waste and construction plasterboard.
We work jointly with the wastewater industry and have many examples of partnership-
co-funded projects which will make our core-funded programme self-sustaining in the
future.
Project report – Make this a stand-alone final report suitable to include in a consolidated
report to the ESR Board. Include brief background, what you did, what you found,
conclusions (2-3 pages). This is the opportunity to tell a success story that ESR can use in
Briefing and other communications.
The CIBR group has continued to deliver valuable science that informs environmental
and public health decision making in New Zealand. The group has continued existing
successful research topics, particularly beneficial reuse of biosolids, greywater, the long-
term Rabbit Island Field trial and a robust social and cultural program. These projects
span multiple research streams within CIBR (Soil Science, Microbiology, Ecotoxicology,
Social and Cultural). Several research projects are emerging that have strong future
potential with significant collaborative opportunities and high likely hood of bringing in
more revenue for the group. This year we have increased our mining bioremediation
research at Rotowaro, and a clear picture of significant, long term potential for Mānuka
research is developing. A summary of key projects and developments within the CIBR
group for 2015-2016 is presented below.
Ecotoxicological research has continued to provide a greater understanding of the
potential negative environmental effects associated with the application of biosolids to
land. This year the focus has been to identify contaminants of concern using an effect-
directed approach. In this approach, a solvent extract from a sample, which contains a
complex mix of chemicals, undergoes an initial fractionation to broadly separate
different chemical groups. Biological/toxicological testing is then undertaken on the
different fractions, enabling chemical analysis to be targeted to fractions that elicit
9
biological responses and thus identifying compounds that are likely to be eliciting the
responses observed. This builds on previous research using
in vitro cellular and acellular
assays to assess toxicological effects associated with individual chemicals associated
with biosolids, and organic solvent extracts, containing a mixture of contaminants, of
biosolids collected from 10 different waste-water treatments plants across New
Zealand. The outcome of this research will be a Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE)
that will determine the actual causes/chemicals responsible for toxicity. This
information enables us to target the removal or remediation of chemicals of concern.
Mine rehabilitation. Collaborative work between Solid Energy and CIBR researchers at
Rotowaro - Waipuna coal mine will contribute data to underpin an updated, accurate
value case for spreading biowaste on mined (or degraded) land by providing data on the
medium-term benefits of biowaste for pasture, pine and soil quality.
Enhancing ecosystem services in cities. In urban areas, trials are helping identify the
potential uses/values of organic biowastes such as arborist (tree-pruning) mulch,
composted organic materials (green waste / food waste) to enhance performance of
urban green areas. These urban biowastes are used as amendments to earth-worked
natural soils. This has potential to ‘close the loop’, i.e. from kerbside collection to
placement (after composting) to enhance plant and soil function. Specific biowastes are
being tested as components of specialist media/mulches in devices treating stormwater
(bioretention devices).
Greywater. This has continued to be research of interest to councils and the wastewater
industry. Trials conducted to investigate pathogen regrowth in various mulches that
could be used to cover greywater sub-surface irrigated areas were valuable. This data
was disseminated to councils and end-users via conference and council presentations.
Greywater research is gaining traction with industry, and our expertise in this area has
led to increased revenue by participation in a BRANZ funded research project
investigating greywater and rainwater use in non-residential buildings.
Pathogen removal in wastewater. Our research has focused this year on the adsorption
and settlement of viruses in waste stabilisation ponds as there is a lack of knowledge on
the transport of viruses in and through WSPs. The research was well received at both
national and international conferences and we were runners up in the best poster
presentation at a leading industry conference in NZ (WaterNZ). The work on enzyme
activity in wastewater and its efficacy on virus inactivation is a developing area of
expertise for the programme (Amanda Inglis PhD) we have found the presence of
enzyme families present in wastewater and are testing their efficacy on a range of
viruses. We have established a lab scale WSP series to model removal in the controlled
lab environment. Our sub-contractors NIWA have been working on the data we are
generating to provide a model of virus removal. We have leveraged off the research to
expand our capabilities in the Pacific region, continuing our overarching aim at low cost
sustainable waste solutions. In this project Bronwyn Humphries has investigated the
attenuation (and thus removal) capability of coral sands for faecal indicator and viral
pathogens. Our research is gaining more interest from both regional and local councils
10
and the wastewater industry. We have an on-going project assisting Waimakariri District
Council on their WSP and ocean outfall efficiencies and are continuing to work with
Parklink on their enzyme desludging product.
Mānuka. The CIBR team have been exploring the benefits of native plants. At Lincoln
University the team have been looking at the potential of biosolids being used to
establish native plants in disturbed or degraded environments - thereby resulting in
significant revenue. ESR and Lincoln University have been combining their microbiology
and chemistry expertise to investigate processes in the root zones of native plants. They
have found in laboratory, lysimeters and small field trials that bioactive/antimicrobial
compounds produced by myrtaceaeous plants, especially Manuka (Leptospermum
scoparium), may inhibit the conversion of ammonia into nitrate and nitrous oxide, and
also enhance the die-off of pathogenic organisms in the wastes that pass through their
root systems. This exciting discovery has the potential to improve water quality,
incorporating manuka into bio-diverse riparian planting schemes has the potential to
help both filter and inactivate pollutants from intensive agriculture. Our research is now
at a stage where systems can be installed in an operational environment such as in
tributaries of the Waikato River. Measuring the performance of these areas will enable
us to optimise the system
. [Withheld under section 9(2)(b)(ii) of the OIA] Rabbit Island Long-term field trial. Our long-term field trial has been investigating the
sustainability of biosolids land application in plantation forests through assessing the
environmental, ecological and economic impacts. Biosolids from Nelson have been
applied to a radiata pine forest on Rabbit Island since 1996. Research has focussed on
the effects on tree nutrition and growth, wood quality, and the soil and ecosystem
environmental quality. This trial is unique both nationally and internationally and is
providing important information on the sustainability of land treatment of biowastes
and its economic outcomes, resulting in improved soil fertility and stand productivity (by
25% in 2016). Long-term biosolids land application has transformed the forest site from
relatively low to moderately high productivity without causing significant adverse effect
on the environment. The research findings from this long-term forest field trial have
supported and informed management practices for sustainable land application of
biosolids for the Nelson community, and provided direct evidence for Tasman District
Council to make informed decisions during the resource consent application process. It
also provides indicative research findings for land application of biosolids throughout
New Zealand.
Community Engagement Framework The CIBR Social and Cultural team have worked
with an industry collaborator, Lowe Environmental Impact (LEI) to develop a Community
Engagement Framework to assist waste producers and regulators (regional, district and
city councils) to more effectively undertake community consultation with respect to the
discharge of biowastes to land in New Zealand. This framework is the summation of the
last 5 years of research undertaken with a number of communities around New Zealand.
Working with an industry collaborator has enabled us to ensure a “pathway to uptake”
of the research and ensures the framework is well targeted to the end-users. The
11
framework provides a pathway to meet the requirements of the Resource Management
Act, Local Government Act and the Treaty of Waitangi. The framework utilises the
quadruple bottom line (QBL) approach to decision-making where environmental, social,
cultural and economic factors are thoroughly considered and outlines how two-way
communication can be facilitated by interactive stakeholder workshops, hui or public
meetings. Importantly the process helps build shared understanding between different
stakeholders, strengthens council and community relationships, builds greater trust and
confidence in the decision-making process and is showing improved buy-in by
communities. The CIBR Social and Cultural team also launched a report on tapu and noa
(tapu is often understood to mean forbidden or restricted and noa ordinary or free from
restriction) this year. It is also a summation of many years of work with communities
around New Zealand and is intended to guide non-Māori towards knowing how to ask
the right questions in their conversations and engagement with local hapū and Iwi
regarding biowaste and biosolids issues. The report is designed to support local
government staff and engineers in better understanding and incorporating Māori
worldviews into biowaste management negotiations and solutions.
A greater awareness and deeper understanding of cultural values and frameworks will
help support more respectful and meaningful conversations about how to best design
and manage local biowaste systems, including biosolids and wastewater discharge
impacts. Therefore these frameworks will ably support long-term solutions and co-
management approaches for enhanced environmental and biowaste management.
Importantly, the framework and Tapu to Noa report are examples of how the
social/cultural and biophysical research are fully integrated to provide solutions to
sustainable biowaste management that manage the practical as well community values
and concerns.
Science education/outreach CIBR has continued to play a leading role in ESR’s outreach
programme by hosting multiple school visits, providing professional development in the
science space for teachers and supporting career and science fairs.
In conclusion, CIBR actively works in the multi-disciplinary space with multiple research
partners including Universities and the public sector as recommended by key
Government officials and policy
[Withheld under section 9(2)(a) of the OIA] A recent
external review of ESR’s Food, Water and Biowaste activities strongly supported the
collaborative approach developed by CIBR and the research and the approach that the
programme undertakes were flagged as having potential for revenue growth. Our
challenge this year is to focus on key projects and turn them into commercial revenue so
that the CIBR can become less reliant on Core Funding and self-sustaining in the future.
12
Please attach a copy of your final full year financial report with commentary.
Commentary on budget:
External expenses were on target with a slight overspend of $8,680. This was due to
local travel being higher than expected due to the set-up of a vermicomposting field
trial in Otaki and associated expenses.
Total labour costs were significantly over budget. This was due to underestimation
of the number of billable hours in a year by the previous group manager who did
last years budget.
YTD
YTD
Total
%
Profit and Loss
Actual
Plan
Variance
Plan
Used
Commitmts
Commercial Domestic
14,208-
14,208
CRI Capability Fund
1,643,569- 1,626,667-
16,902 1,626,667-
101
Other Govt Depts
External Income
1,657,777- 1,626,667-
31,110 1,626,667-
102
Grants/Scholarships
Contract Personnel
Training/Conferences
1,217
5,000
3,783
5,000
24
Other Staff Expenses
1,046
2,000
954
2,000
52
Material/Consumables
23,641
22,086
1,555-
22,086
107
12
Equipmnt
Maintenance
1,673
1,673-
Equipment Hire
120
120-
Sub Contracted Work
1,055,674 1,068,012
12,338 1,068,012
99
1,308,734
Freight & Courier
904
500
404-
500
181
Postage
500
500
500
Tolls/Local/Fax
35
35-
Maintenance IT
20
20-
Network Charges
159
159-
Software
Rental Other Equip
Vehicle Expenses
2,273
2,273-
Maintenance Plant
634
634-
Building Services
130
130-
Travel Local
10,742
8,000
2,742-
8,000
134
Travel Overseas
3,446
3,000
446-
3,000
115
Travel Allowances
820
1,000
180
1,000
82
Advertising & PR
583
1,500
917
1,500
39
Donations/Sponsorshi
Entertainment
43
43-
Entertainment Non De
43
43-
Information Supply
39
39-
13
General Expenses
456
3,500
3,044
3,500
13
Printing/Stationery
1,846
1,000
846-
1,000
185
Memberships etc
1,874
1,874-
Legal Fees
Consulting Fees
External Expense
1,107,418 1,116,098
8,680 1,116,098
99
1,308,746
Labour Bands
173,055
137,988
35,067-
137,988
125
Corp O/head Alloc
249,893
249,893-
Program O/head Alloc
196,160
196,160-
Alloc RC O/h Prog
18,286
18,286-
Internal Cost
9,834
9,834-
Internal Expenses
647,227
137,988
509,240-
137,988
469
Expenditure
1,754,646 1,254,086
500,560-
1,254,086
140
1,308,746
Margin
96,869
372,581-
469,450-
372,581-
26-
1,308,746
LABAST LABAST
138
138-
SCNLDR SCNLDR
498
443
55-
443
SCNTST SCNTST
309
323
15
323
SNRSCN SNRSCN
823
816
7-
816
SNRTEC SNRTEC
33
33-
TECHN TECHN
2,606
1,736
870-
1,736
* Hours
4,405
3,318
1,087-
3,318
% Margin
6-
23
29-
23
%Mgn ex
Subcontracts
159
258
99-
258
% Consumables to
Rev
2
1
0-
1
Band Multiplier
0
4
3-
4
Annual Rev per FTE
632
824
191-
824
14
