References
1.
Salas-Humara C, Sequeira GM, Rossi W, Dhar CP. Gender affirming medical care of
transgender youth. Current Problems in Pediatric & Adolescent Health Care.
2019;49(9):100683.
2.
Mahfouda S, Moore JK, Siafarikas A, Zepf FD, Lin A. Puberty suppression in
transgender children and adolescents. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.
2017;5(10):816-26.
3.
Bangalore Krishna K, Fuqua JS, Rogol AD, Klein KO, Popovic J, Houk CP, et al.
Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children: update by an international
consortium. Horm Res Paediatr. 2019;91(6):357-72.
4.
Agana MG, Greydanus DE, Indyk JA, Calles JL, Jr., Kushner J, Leibowitz S, et al.
Caring for the transgender adolescent and young adult: Current concepts of an evolving
process in the 21st century. Disease-A-Month. 2019;65(9):303-56.
5.
Khatchadourian K, Amed S, Metzger DL. Clinical management of youth with gender
dysphoria in Vancouver. J Pediatr. 2014;164(4):906-11.
6.
Edwards-Leeper L, Spack N. Psychological evaluation and medical treatment of
transgender youth in an interdisciplinary “Gender Management Service” (GeMS) in a major
pediatric center. Journal of Homosexuality. 2012;59(3):321-36.
7.
Abramowitz J. Hormone therapy in children and adolescents. Endocrinol Metab Clin
North Am. 2019;48(2):331-9.
8.
Tishelman AC, Kaufman R, Edwards-Leeper L, Mandel FH, Shumer DE, Spack NP.
Serving transgender youth: challenges, dilemmas and clinical examples. Prof Psychol Res Pr.
2015;46(1):37-45.
9.
Janicka A, Forcier M. Transgender and gender noncomforming youth: psychosocial
and medical considerations. R I Med J. 2016;99(9):31-4.
10.
Klink D, Caris M, Heijboer A, van Trotsenburg M, Rotteveel J. Bone Mass in Young
Adulthood Following Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analog Treatment and Cross-Sex
Hormone Treatment in Adolescents With Gender Dysphoria. The Journal of Clinical
Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015;100(2):E270-E5.
11.
Vlot MC, Klink DT, den Heijer M, Blankenstein MA, Rotteveel J, Heijboer AC.
Effect of pubertal suppression and cross-sex hormone therapy on bone turnover markers and
bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) in transgender adolescents. Bone. 2017;95:11-9.
12.
Health WPAfT. Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender and
gender non-conforming people. 2011 [
13.
Kreukels BP, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Puberty suppression in gender identity disorder: the
Amsterdam experience. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(8):466-72.
14.
Bockting WO. Psychotherapy and the real-life experience: From gender dichotomy to
gender diversity. Sexologies. 2008;17(4):211-24.
15.
Dakic T. New perspectives on transgender health in the forthcoming 11(th) revision
of the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: an
overview of gender incongruence - depathologization, considerations and recommendations
for practitioners. Psychiatr Danub. 2020;32(2):145-50.
16.
Cohen-Kettenis PT, Klink D. Adolescents with gender dysphoria. Best Pract Res Clin
Endocrinol Metab. 2015;29(3):485-95.
17.
Butler G, De Graaf N, Wren B, Carmichael P. Assessment and support of children
and adolescents with gender dysphoria. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103(7):631-6.
18.
Kyriakou A, Nicolaides NC, Skordis N. Current approach to the clinical care of
adolescents with gender dysphoria. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(1):165-75.
19.
Fisher AD, Ristori J, Bandini E, Giordano S, Mosconi M, Jannini EA, et al. Medical
treatment in gender dysphoric adolescents endorsed by SIAMS-SIE-SIEDP-ONIG. J
Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37(7):675-87.
20.
Skordis N, Kyriakou A, Dror S, Mushailov A, Nicolaides NC. Gender dysphoria in
children and adolescents: an overview. Hormones (Athens). 2020;19(3):267-76.
21.
Skordis N, Butler G, de Vries MC, Main K, Hannema SE. ESPE and PES
international survey of centers and clinicians delivering specialist care for children and
adolescents with gender dysphoria. Horm Res Paediatr. 2018;90(5):326-31.
22.
Delahunt JW, Denison HJ, Kennedy J. Specialist services for management of
individuals identifying as transgender in New Zealand. NZMJ. 2016;129(1434):49-58.
23.
Pega F, Reisner SL, Sell RL, Veale JF. Transgender health: New Zealand's innovative
statistical standard for gender identity. Am J Public Health. 2017;107(2):217-21.
24.
Statistics New Zealand. Sex, gender, and sexual orientation 2019 [Available from:
https://www.stats.govt.nz/reports/sex-gender-and-sexual-orientation. 25.
Clark TC, Lucassen MF, Bullen P, Denny SJ, Fleming TM, Robinson EM, et al. The
health and well-being of transgender high school students: results from the New Zealand
adolescent health survey (Youth'12). J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(1):93-9.
26.
Delahunt JW, Denison HJ, Sim DA, Bullock J, Krebs JD. Increasing rates of people
identifying as transgender presenting to Endocrine Services in the Wellington region. NZMJ.
2018;131(1468):33-42.
27.
Ministry of Health. Updates for the gender affirming (genital) surgery service 2020
[Available f
rom: https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/preventative-health-
wellness/delivering-health-services-transgender-people/updates-gender-affirming-genital-
surgery-service. 28.
Nahata L, Quinn GP, Caltabellotta NM, Tishelman AC. Mental health concerns and
insurance denials among transgender adolescents. LGBT Health. 2017;4(3):188-93.
29.
Haas AP, Eliason M, Mays VM, Mathy RM, Cochran SD, D'Augelli AR, et al.
Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: review and
recommendations. J Homosex. 2011;58(1):10-51.
30.
de Vries E, Kathard H, Muller A. Debate: Why should gender-affirming health care
be included in health science curricula? BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):51.
31.
Tan KKH, Ellis SJ, Schmidt JM, Byrne JL, Veale JF. Mental health inequities among
transgender people in Aotearoa New Zealand: findings from the Counting Ourselves survey.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8).
32.
Tan KKH, Treharne GJ, Ellis SJ, Schmidt JM, Veale JF. Gender minority stress - a
critical review. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY. 2019;67(10):1471-89.
33.
Radix A, Silva M. Beyond the guidelines: challenges, controversies, and unanswered
questions. Pediatr Ann. 2014;43(6):e145-50.
34.
Thoma BC, Salk RH, Choukas-Bradley S, Goldstein TR, Levine MD, Marshal MP.
Suicidality disparities between transgender and cisgender adolescents. Pediatrics.
2019;144(5).
35.
Olson KR, Durwood L, DeMeules M, McLaughlin KA. Mental Health of
Transgender Children Who Are Supported in Their Identities. Pediatrics.
2016;137(3):e20153223.
36.
Eisenberg ME, Gower AL, McMorris BJ, Rider GN, Shea G, Coleman E. Risk and
protective factors in the lives of transgender/gender nonconforming adolescents. J Adolesc
Health. 2017;61(4):521-6.
37.
Oliphant J, Veale J, Macdonald J, Carroll R, Johnson R, Harte M, et al. Guidelines for
gender affirming healthcare for gender diverse and transgender children, young people and
adults in Aotearoa, New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal. 2018;131(1487):86-96.
38.
Canterbury District Health Board. Transgender Health in Youth: Community
HealthPathways; 2020 [Available from:
https://canterbury.communityhealthpathways.org/462505.htm. 39.
Shumer DE, Nokoff NJ, Spack NP. Advances in the Care of Transgender Children
and Adolescents. Adv Pediatr. 2016;63(1):79-102.
40.
Fisher AD, Ristori J, Fanni E, Castellini G, Forti G, Maggi M. Gender identity,
gender assignment and reassignment in individuals with disorders of sex development: a
major of dilemma. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39(11):1207-24.
41.
Costa R, Carmichael P, Colizzi M. To treat or not to treat: puberty suppression in
childhood-onset gender dysphoria. Nat Rev Urol. 2016;13(8):456-62.
42.
Bonifacio HJ, Rosenthal SM. Gender variance and dysphoria in children and
adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2011;62(4):1001-16.
43.
Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH,
et al. Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an endocrine
society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(11):3869-903.
44.
Innes JA, Dover A, Fairhurst K. Macleod’s Clinical Examination. 14 ed. Edinburgh:
Elselvier; 2018.
45.
Martinerie L, Condat A, A. B, Bremont-Weill C, de Vries MC, Hannema SE.
Management of endocrine disease: approach to the management of children and adolescents
with Gender Dysphoria. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2018;179(5):R219.
46.
Hembree WC. Management of juvenile gender dysphoria. Curr Opin Endocrinol
Diabetes Obes. 2013;20(6):559-64.
47.
Brik T, Vrouenraets L, de Vries MC, Hannema SE. Trajectories of adolescents treated
with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for gender dysphoria. Arch Sex Behav.
2020;49(7):2611-8.
48.
Pilgrim D, Entwistle K. GnRHa ('puberty blockers') and cross sex hormones for
children and adolescents: informed consent, personhood and freedom of expression. New
Bioeth. 2020;26(3):224-37.
49.
Wren B. Early physical intervention for young people with atypical gender identity
development. Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry. 2019;5(2):220-31.
50.
Vrouenraets LJ, Fredriks AM, Hannema SE, Cohen-Kettenis PT, de Vries MC.
Perceptions of sex, gender, and puberty suppression: a qualitative analysis of transgender
youth. Arch Sex Behav. 2016;45(7):1697-703.
51.
Giovanardi G. Buying time or arresting development? The dilemma of administering
hormone blockers in trans children and adolescents. Porto Biomed J. 2017;2(5):153-6.
52.
Turban JL, King D, Carswell JM, Keuroghlian AS. Pubertal suppression for
transgender youth and risk of suicidal ideation. Pediatrics. 2020;145(2).
53.
Biggs M. Puberty blockers and suicidality in adolescents suffering from gender
dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2020;49(7):2227-9.
54.
Chew D, Anderson J, Williams K, May T, Pang K. Hormonal treatment in young
people with gender dysphoria: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2018;141(4):04.
55.
Costa R, Dunsford M, Skagerberg E, Holt E, Carmichael P, Colizzi M. Psychological
support, puberty suppression, and psychosocial functioning in adolescents with gender
dysphoria. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2015;12(11):2206-14.
56.
de Vries AL, McGuire JK, Steensma TD, Wagenaar EC, Doreleijers TA, Cohen-
Kettenis PT. Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender
reassignment. Pediatrics. 2014;134(4):696-704.
57.
de Vries AL, Steensma TD, Doreleijers TA, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Puberty suppression
in adolescents with gender identity disorder: a prospective follow-up study. J Sex Med.
2011;8(8):2276-83.
58.
Achille C, Taggart T, Eaton NR, Osipoff J, Tafuri K, Lane A, et al. Longitudinal
impact of gender-affirming endocrine intervention on the mental health and well-being of
transgender youths: preliminary results. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2020;2020:8.
59.
Giovanardi G, Morales P, Mirabella M, Fortunato A, Chianura L, Speranza AM, et al.
Transition memories: experiences of trans adult women with hormone therapy and their
beliefs on the usage of hormone blockers to suppress puberty. J Endocrinol Invest.
2019;42(10):1231-40.
60.
Biggs M. Gender dysphoria and psychological functioning in adolescents treated with
GnRHa: comparing Dutch and English prospective studies. Arch Sex Behav.
2020;49(7):2231-6.
61.
Alegria CA. Gender nonconforming and transgender children/youth: Family,
community, and implications for practice. Journal of the American Association of Nurse
Practitioners. 2016;28(10):521-7.
62.
Bauer GR, Scheim AI, Pyne J, Travers R, Hammond R. Intervenable factors
associated with suicide risk in transgender persons: a respondent driven sampling study in
Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:525.
63.
Ashley F. Puberty blockers are necessary, but they don't prevent homelessness: caring
for transgender youth by supporting unsupportive parents. American Journal of Bioethics.
2019;19(2):87-9.
64.
Ramos GGF, Mengai ACS, Daltro CAT, Cutrim PT, Zlotnik E, Beck APA.
Systematic review: puberty suppression with GnRH analogues in adolescents with gender
incongruity. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020.
65.
T'Sjoen G, Arcelus J, Gooren L, Klink DT, Tangpricha V. Endocrinology of
transgender medicine. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(1):97-117.
66.
Schagen SEE, Wouters FM, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren LJ, Hannema SE. Bone
development in transgender adolescents treated with gnrh analogues and subsequent gender-
affirming hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(12).
67.
Cohen-Kettenis PT, Schagen SE, Steensma TD, de Vries AL, Delemarre-van de Waal
HA. Puberty suppression in a gender-dysphoric adolescent: a 22-year follow-up. Arch Sex
Behav. 2011;40(4):843-7.
68.
Staphorsius AS, Kreukels BP, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Veltman DJ, Burke SM, Schagen
SE, et al. Puberty suppression and executive functioning: An fMRI-study in adolescents with
gender dysphoria. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;56:190-9.
69.
Schneider MA, Spritzer PM, Soll BMB, Fontanari AMV, Carneiro M, Tovar-Moll F,
et al. Brain maturation, cognition and voice pattern in a gender dysphoria case under pubertal
suppression. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:528.
70.
Klink D. Arterial Hypertension as a Complication of Triptorelin Treatment in
Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria. Endocrinology&Metabolism International Journal.
2015;2(1).
71.
Perl L, Segev-Becker A, Israeli G, Elkon-Tamir E, Oren A. Blood pressure dynamics
after pubertal suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs followed by
testosterone treatment in transgender male adolescents: a pilot study. LGBT Health.
2020;7(6):340-4.
72.
Giordano S, Holm S. Is puberty delaying treatment 'experimental treatment'? Int J
Transgend Health. 2020;21(2):113-21.
73.
Shumer DE, Spack NP. Current management of gender identity disorder in childhood
and adolescence: guidelines, barriers and areas of controversy. Current Opinion in
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. 2013;20(1):69-73.
74.
Steensma TD, McGuire JK, Kreukels BP, Beekman AJ, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Factors
associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: a quantitative
follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(6):582-90.
75.
Steensma TD, Biemond R, de Boer F, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Desisting and persisting
gender dysphoria after childhood: a qualitative follow-up study. Clin Child Psychol
Psychiatry. 2011;16(4):499-516.
76.
Florence A. Thinking an ethics of gender exploration: against delaying transition for
transgender and gender creative youth. Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry.
2019;24(2):223-36.
77.
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA. 3WLR 830: United Kingdom House of
Lords; 1985.
78.
Society MP. Consent - children and young people - England 2014 [Available from:
https://www.medicalprotection.org/uk/articles/eng-consent-children-and-young-people. 79.
R (on the application of) Quincy Bell and A -v- Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust
and others, (2020).
80.
Laidlaw M, Cretella M, Donovan K. The right to best care for children does not
include the right to medical transition. Am J Bioeth. 2019;19(2):75-7.
81.
Priest M. Transgender children and the right to transition: medical ethics when
parents mean well but cause harm. Am J Bioeth. 2019;19(2):45-59.
82.
Biggs M. Inventing transgender children and young people: Cambridge Scholars
Publishing; 2019.
